The document defines species richness, species evenness, and species diversity. It notes that species diversity incorporates both richness and evenness. It also discusses biodiversity as the total genetic variation among organisms and some reasons for preserving biodiversity, including potential new medicines from plants, pest resistance genes in crop wild relatives, and ecosystem services from diverse ecosystems. Finally, it introduces keystone species as those that play a key role in maintaining ecosystem diversity and structure, providing sea otters and their effect on kelp forests as an example.
A pedigree is a chart that shows the genetic history of a family over multiple generations. It is constructed by a genetic counselor or scientist based on a family's medical history. Pedigrees use symbols to represent individuals and their relationships and health status. Interpreting a pedigree can determine if a condition is autosomal or X-linked based on if it mainly affects males, and if it is dominant or recessive based on whether both parents need to carry the gene. Pedigrees are an analysis tool used to assess disease risk within a family.
The respiratory system has two main functions: to supply blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. It has an upper respiratory tract that warms and filters air and a lower tract that includes the trachea and lungs. The lungs contain millions of alveoli that absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide and have a sponge-like structure.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart, made of strong cardiac muscle, has four chambers and pumps blood through two circuits. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, travels to the right ventricle and lungs, then the left atrium and ventricle before being pumped through arteries like the aorta to the body. Oxygen-depleted blood returns via veins like the vena cava to the heart.
The digestive system breaks down food physically and chemically and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream. It consists of a long continuous digestive tract that food moves through, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that produce fluids entering the digestive tract include the liver, which produces bile to help digest fat, the gallbladder which stores and concentrates bile, and the pancreas which produces digestive enzymes.
Muscles are able to contract and shorten, pulling on bones via tendons to cause movement. They require a lot of oxygen and nutrients delivered by blood vessels. Muscle cells use aerobic respiration to generate energy from oxygen, and if worked too hard will switch to less efficient anaerobic respiration producing lactic acid. The document also lists some major muscle names in the arms, trunk, and legs.
The document lists and describes the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, rib cage, and vertebrae. The skull has 22 bones including 8 in the cranium and 14 in the face. The rib cage contains 12 ribs pairs and the breastbone. The vertebrae consist of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx bones. The appendicular skeleton attaches the arms and legs to the axial skeleton. It lists the bones of the arm as the clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius and carpals. The bones of the leg are the pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula,
The document provides instructions for creating an interactive notebook on human biology. Students are told to staple paper to the cover and include identifying information and a picture. The notebook then outlines and describes the 11 human organ systems, their functions, and key organs. Students will work in groups to write and perform a 1-2 minute skit about the location and function of an assigned organ.
The document defines species richness, species evenness, and species diversity. It notes that species diversity incorporates both richness and evenness. It also discusses biodiversity as the total genetic variation among organisms and some reasons for preserving biodiversity, including potential new medicines from plants, pest resistance genes in crop wild relatives, and ecosystem services from diverse ecosystems. Finally, it introduces keystone species as those that play a key role in maintaining ecosystem diversity and structure, providing sea otters and their effect on kelp forests as an example.
A pedigree is a chart that shows the genetic history of a family over multiple generations. It is constructed by a genetic counselor or scientist based on a family's medical history. Pedigrees use symbols to represent individuals and their relationships and health status. Interpreting a pedigree can determine if a condition is autosomal or X-linked based on if it mainly affects males, and if it is dominant or recessive based on whether both parents need to carry the gene. Pedigrees are an analysis tool used to assess disease risk within a family.
The respiratory system has two main functions: to supply blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. It has an upper respiratory tract that warms and filters air and a lower tract that includes the trachea and lungs. The lungs contain millions of alveoli that absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide and have a sponge-like structure.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart, made of strong cardiac muscle, has four chambers and pumps blood through two circuits. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, travels to the right ventricle and lungs, then the left atrium and ventricle before being pumped through arteries like the aorta to the body. Oxygen-depleted blood returns via veins like the vena cava to the heart.
The digestive system breaks down food physically and chemically and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream. It consists of a long continuous digestive tract that food moves through, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Accessory organs that produce fluids entering the digestive tract include the liver, which produces bile to help digest fat, the gallbladder which stores and concentrates bile, and the pancreas which produces digestive enzymes.
Muscles are able to contract and shorten, pulling on bones via tendons to cause movement. They require a lot of oxygen and nutrients delivered by blood vessels. Muscle cells use aerobic respiration to generate energy from oxygen, and if worked too hard will switch to less efficient anaerobic respiration producing lactic acid. The document also lists some major muscle names in the arms, trunk, and legs.
The document lists and describes the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, rib cage, and vertebrae. The skull has 22 bones including 8 in the cranium and 14 in the face. The rib cage contains 12 ribs pairs and the breastbone. The vertebrae consist of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and coccyx bones. The appendicular skeleton attaches the arms and legs to the axial skeleton. It lists the bones of the arm as the clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius and carpals. The bones of the leg are the pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula,
The document provides instructions for creating an interactive notebook on human biology. Students are told to staple paper to the cover and include identifying information and a picture. The notebook then outlines and describes the 11 human organ systems, their functions, and key organs. Students will work in groups to write and perform a 1-2 minute skit about the location and function of an assigned organ.
The document provides instructions for creating a poster showing the impacts of climate change on a specific area or species. It states that the poster should identify at least 3 impacts of climate change, providing a brief explanation and picture for each impact. It also lists potential topics that could be covered on the poster, such as the impacts of climate change on polar bears, coral reefs, agriculture, and coastal cities.
The document defines invasive plants as non-native plants that spread rapidly, out-compete native plants, and have negative ecological or economic impacts. It lists traits of invasive plants such as fast growth, efficient nutrient and water absorption, both sexual and asexual reproduction, effective seed dispersal mechanisms, wide environmental tolerance, and some produce toxins that inhibit other plants. The document also notes invasive plants cost over $140 billion per year in the US, threaten half of endangered species, and can be toxic, increase fire hazards, or cause injury with spines.
Flowers are reproductive organs that bring together pollen and eggs to produce seeds. They have four main parts: sepals which protect the developing flower, petals which are often brightly colored to attract pollinators, stamens which are the male part containing anthers that produce pollen, and carpels which are the female part containing an ovary with eggs and a stigma to receive pollen. A flower lab involves making a detailed drawing of a flower, labeling the parts, and cutting open the ovary to locate the eggs inside.
Seeds contain an embryonic plant and stored food to nourish and protect the embryo. Seeds also disperse the embryo through mechanisms like wind, water, or animals. Additionally, seeds enter dormancy to wait for suitable environmental conditions before germinating. Seeds are important because many are edible and provide humans with most of their calories through cereal grains, beans, and nuts. Students are instructed to write a letter explaining what seeds are and why they are important from the perspective of a seed.
The document summarizes the structure and function of leaves. It notes that leaves contain a cuticle, epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and vascular bundles. The cuticle forms a waxy outer covering that prevents water loss. The epidermis forms the top and bottom layers of the leaf and provides protection. The palisade mesophyll contains tightly packed cells with many chloroplasts and performs most photosynthesis. The spongy mesophyll contains loosely packed cells with fewer chloroplasts. The vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem that transport water and food. Stomata are pores on the underside of leaves that open and close to regulate gas exchange.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide from the air to produce sugar, which plants then use as food. It takes place in chloroplasts, small oval structures inside plant cells that contain chlorophyll to capture light energy. Chloroplasts were originally free-living bacteria that became incorporated into plant cells. Photosynthesis also produces oxygen as a byproduct.
All plants share three main traits: they are eukaryotic, have cell walls containing cellulose, and produce their own food through photosynthesis. The document discusses four types of plants: mosses, ferns, gymnosperms which have cones, and angiosperms which have flowers.
Students are instructed to prepare their interactive notes for a taxonomy unit by making a cover page with their name, class, and an illustration of taxonomy. They should staple paper behind the cover to take notes on classification, where organisms are now grouped by evolutionary relationships determined by characteristics and DNA sequencing. The taxonomic categories from domain to species are listed, with an example classification of humans provided. Students are tasked with creating a mnemonic and drawing to illustrate the categories for their interactive notes.
A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between species by depicting lineages and their shared common ancestors. It represents groups of species that share a single common ancestor as clades. Derived characteristics are traits that evolved in a common ancestor and were passed down to its descendants, helping to determine how species are related on the cladogram. The example shows how to build a cladogram by determining which species share certain traits like legs, fur, being carnivorous, or having retractable claws.
The document provides instructions and notes on DNA structure. It explains that DNA has a double helix structure and is made up of a phosphate and sugar backbone with nitrogenous bases of adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine in the center. It notes that adenine bonds with thymine and guanine bonds with cytosine. The document instructs the reader to make a cover for their interactive notes on the DNA unit and include a color picture.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (eggs and sperm) with half the normal number of chromosomes. During meiosis in humans, the number of chromosomes is halved from 46 to 23. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells from one original diploid cell, increasing genetic variation between offspring.
Mitosis is the process by which a body cell divides into two daughter cells that are identical to the original parent cell. It occurs in six steps: interphase where the cell grows and copies its DNA; prophase where the DNA condenses; metaphase where chromosomes line up; anaphase where chromosomes are pulled apart; telophase where new nuclei form; and cytokinesis where the cell splits into two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is necessary for body growth, repair, and maintenance.
Cells are small because as they get larger, their volume increases faster than their surface area. This decreases the surface area to volume ratio, making it difficult for cells to efficiently exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes through their cell membranes. Maintaining a high surface area to volume ratio allows cells to effectively transport materials needed for survival.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The document provides instructions for creating a poster showing the impacts of climate change on a specific area or species. It states that the poster should identify at least 3 impacts of climate change, providing a brief explanation and picture for each impact. It also lists potential topics that could be covered on the poster, such as the impacts of climate change on polar bears, coral reefs, agriculture, and coastal cities.
The document defines invasive plants as non-native plants that spread rapidly, out-compete native plants, and have negative ecological or economic impacts. It lists traits of invasive plants such as fast growth, efficient nutrient and water absorption, both sexual and asexual reproduction, effective seed dispersal mechanisms, wide environmental tolerance, and some produce toxins that inhibit other plants. The document also notes invasive plants cost over $140 billion per year in the US, threaten half of endangered species, and can be toxic, increase fire hazards, or cause injury with spines.
Flowers are reproductive organs that bring together pollen and eggs to produce seeds. They have four main parts: sepals which protect the developing flower, petals which are often brightly colored to attract pollinators, stamens which are the male part containing anthers that produce pollen, and carpels which are the female part containing an ovary with eggs and a stigma to receive pollen. A flower lab involves making a detailed drawing of a flower, labeling the parts, and cutting open the ovary to locate the eggs inside.
Seeds contain an embryonic plant and stored food to nourish and protect the embryo. Seeds also disperse the embryo through mechanisms like wind, water, or animals. Additionally, seeds enter dormancy to wait for suitable environmental conditions before germinating. Seeds are important because many are edible and provide humans with most of their calories through cereal grains, beans, and nuts. Students are instructed to write a letter explaining what seeds are and why they are important from the perspective of a seed.
The document summarizes the structure and function of leaves. It notes that leaves contain a cuticle, epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and vascular bundles. The cuticle forms a waxy outer covering that prevents water loss. The epidermis forms the top and bottom layers of the leaf and provides protection. The palisade mesophyll contains tightly packed cells with many chloroplasts and performs most photosynthesis. The spongy mesophyll contains loosely packed cells with fewer chloroplasts. The vascular bundles contain xylem and phloem that transport water and food. Stomata are pores on the underside of leaves that open and close to regulate gas exchange.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide from the air to produce sugar, which plants then use as food. It takes place in chloroplasts, small oval structures inside plant cells that contain chlorophyll to capture light energy. Chloroplasts were originally free-living bacteria that became incorporated into plant cells. Photosynthesis also produces oxygen as a byproduct.
All plants share three main traits: they are eukaryotic, have cell walls containing cellulose, and produce their own food through photosynthesis. The document discusses four types of plants: mosses, ferns, gymnosperms which have cones, and angiosperms which have flowers.
Students are instructed to prepare their interactive notes for a taxonomy unit by making a cover page with their name, class, and an illustration of taxonomy. They should staple paper behind the cover to take notes on classification, where organisms are now grouped by evolutionary relationships determined by characteristics and DNA sequencing. The taxonomic categories from domain to species are listed, with an example classification of humans provided. Students are tasked with creating a mnemonic and drawing to illustrate the categories for their interactive notes.
A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships between species by depicting lineages and their shared common ancestors. It represents groups of species that share a single common ancestor as clades. Derived characteristics are traits that evolved in a common ancestor and were passed down to its descendants, helping to determine how species are related on the cladogram. The example shows how to build a cladogram by determining which species share certain traits like legs, fur, being carnivorous, or having retractable claws.
The document provides instructions and notes on DNA structure. It explains that DNA has a double helix structure and is made up of a phosphate and sugar backbone with nitrogenous bases of adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine in the center. It notes that adenine bonds with thymine and guanine bonds with cytosine. The document instructs the reader to make a cover for their interactive notes on the DNA unit and include a color picture.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (eggs and sperm) with half the normal number of chromosomes. During meiosis in humans, the number of chromosomes is halved from 46 to 23. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and produces four haploid cells from one original diploid cell, increasing genetic variation between offspring.
Mitosis is the process by which a body cell divides into two daughter cells that are identical to the original parent cell. It occurs in six steps: interphase where the cell grows and copies its DNA; prophase where the DNA condenses; metaphase where chromosomes line up; anaphase where chromosomes are pulled apart; telophase where new nuclei form; and cytokinesis where the cell splits into two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is necessary for body growth, repair, and maintenance.
Cells are small because as they get larger, their volume increases faster than their surface area. This decreases the surface area to volume ratio, making it difficult for cells to efficiently exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes through their cell membranes. Maintaining a high surface area to volume ratio allows cells to effectively transport materials needed for survival.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.