The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) acts as adviser and arbiter for the zoological community by generating and disseminating information on the correct use of the scientific names of animals. The ICZN is responsible for producing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature - a set of rules for the naming of animals and the resolution of nomenclatural problems.
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of InsectsKamlesh Patel
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
The classification of organisms is according to hierarchal system or in taxonomic ranks (eg; domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species) based on phylogenetic relationship established by genetic analysis.
Taxonomic Collection : Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
Dry Collection - Dry collections consist of those specimens that are preserved in a dry state.
Wet Collection - Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid preservative to prevent their deterioration.
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
Taxonomic Collections, Preservation and Curating of InsectsKamlesh Patel
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
The classification of organisms is according to hierarchal system or in taxonomic ranks (eg; domain, kingdom, phylum class, order, family, genus and species) based on phylogenetic relationship established by genetic analysis.
Taxonomic Collection : Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
Dry Collection - Dry collections consist of those specimens that are preserved in a dry state.
Wet Collection - Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid preservative to prevent their deterioration.
1.Definition and basic concepts of Biosystematics, , Historical perspectives of Biosystematics and Taxonomy, Stages of taxonomic procedures-alpha taxonomy, Beta taxonomy and Gamma taxonomy,
Neo taxonomy.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Cytotaxonomy, And it's Procedure with special reference to evolution in primates.
This PPT is free for all..
Students can download it easily
It comprises of Cytotaxonomy, It's Procedure
And it's Significance with special reference to evolution in primates (Man and Chimpanzee).
For my Doc's, Material on Zoology..
Click on my website and download all Material easily..
Regards:
Ishtiyaq Mir
MSc Zoology
Kashmir,193201.
My specialization is on Biodiversity and Conservation, It's Management
Ecology and Environment
Invertebrates Diversity
One major challenge is the time consumed by the interplay between the taxonomist and the publisher in preparing taxonomic data and going to print. Breaking this bottleneck requires seamless integration between compilation of the descriptive taxonomic data and the publication upon which the data are based
Kinds of taxonomic publications,taxonomic review ,revision, monograph,atlas,s...Anand P P
kinds of taxonomic publication mainly deals with different types of taxonomic publications.the taxonomy deals with several types of publications mainly that help to over all exchange of taxonomic information,its is a world wide taxonomic communication.
INTRODUCTION
The term urogenital refers to something that has both urinary and genital origins. The word urogenital is used because the urinary and reproductive systems in males merge.
These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways (ex. urethra).
Kidneys and urinary ducts form the urinary system.
The Urinary system performs two important homeostatic processes like excretion and osmoregulation. This system is intimately associated both anatomically, and in terms of embryonic origin with the genital system.
The genital system includes the gonads which generate gametes and the genital ducts that serve as passages for the gametes.
Though functionally different the two organ systems the urinary and the genital system are treated together as the urino- genital system, since both develop from the same segmental blocks of trunk mesoderm or adjacent tissues and share many of the ducts.
Thus although the two systems have nothing common functionally they are closely associated in their use of common ducts and are studied under the broad heading of urinogenital system.
The function of the excretory system is crucial in considering the possible environment of the ‘vertebrate life ’. Several main functions can be attributed to all vertebrate excretory systems:
Excretion of nitrogenous waste products.
Maintaining homeostasis with regard to ions (i.e. salt balance).
Regaining valuable substances (glucose, salts, amino acids, etc.)
Maintaining a physiological osmotic value (i.e. water balance).
The excretory system is formed by a series of paired, segmental nephrons that begin with a nephrostome opening into the coelomic cavity.
A pair of glomeruli per segment, supplied by branches from the aorta, projects into the coelomic cavity close to these nephrostomes.
At a later stage of development, the glomerulus/nephrostome area becomes separated from the rest of the coelomic cavity by an epithelial fold.
The nephrons connect to a duct that is formed by caudal growth of the most anterior nephric tubules. These paired urinary ducts open near the anal region.
ORIGIN OF CHORDATES
Animal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:
Non-chordata- including animals without notochord.
Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.
Chordates were evolved sometime 500 million years ago during Cambrian period (invertebrates were also began to evolve in this period) .
Chamberlain (1900) pointed out that all modern chordates possess glomerular kidneys that are designed to remove excess water from body.
It is believed that Chordates have originated from invertebrates.
It is difficult to determine from which invertebrate group the chordates were developed.
Chordate ancestors were soft bodied animals. Hence they were not preserved as Fossils.
However, early fossils of chordates have all been recovered from marine sediments and even modern protochordates are all marine forms.
Also glomerular kidneys are also found in some marine forms such as myxinoids and sharks. That makes the marine origin of chordates more believable.
Chordates evolved from some deuterostome ancestor (echinoderms, hemichordates, pogonophorans etc.) as they have similarities in embryonic development, type of coelom and larval stages.
Many theories infers origin of chordates, hemichordates and echinoderms from a common ancestor.
Cytotaxonomy, And it's Procedure with special reference to evolution in primates.
This PPT is free for all..
Students can download it easily
It comprises of Cytotaxonomy, It's Procedure
And it's Significance with special reference to evolution in primates (Man and Chimpanzee).
For my Doc's, Material on Zoology..
Click on my website and download all Material easily..
Regards:
Ishtiyaq Mir
MSc Zoology
Kashmir,193201.
My specialization is on Biodiversity and Conservation, It's Management
Ecology and Environment
Invertebrates Diversity
One major challenge is the time consumed by the interplay between the taxonomist and the publisher in preparing taxonomic data and going to print. Breaking this bottleneck requires seamless integration between compilation of the descriptive taxonomic data and the publication upon which the data are based
Kinds of taxonomic publications,taxonomic review ,revision, monograph,atlas,s...Anand P P
kinds of taxonomic publication mainly deals with different types of taxonomic publications.the taxonomy deals with several types of publications mainly that help to over all exchange of taxonomic information,its is a world wide taxonomic communication.
INTRODUCTION
The term urogenital refers to something that has both urinary and genital origins. The word urogenital is used because the urinary and reproductive systems in males merge.
These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways (ex. urethra).
Kidneys and urinary ducts form the urinary system.
The Urinary system performs two important homeostatic processes like excretion and osmoregulation. This system is intimately associated both anatomically, and in terms of embryonic origin with the genital system.
The genital system includes the gonads which generate gametes and the genital ducts that serve as passages for the gametes.
Though functionally different the two organ systems the urinary and the genital system are treated together as the urino- genital system, since both develop from the same segmental blocks of trunk mesoderm or adjacent tissues and share many of the ducts.
Thus although the two systems have nothing common functionally they are closely associated in their use of common ducts and are studied under the broad heading of urinogenital system.
The function of the excretory system is crucial in considering the possible environment of the ‘vertebrate life ’. Several main functions can be attributed to all vertebrate excretory systems:
Excretion of nitrogenous waste products.
Maintaining homeostasis with regard to ions (i.e. salt balance).
Regaining valuable substances (glucose, salts, amino acids, etc.)
Maintaining a physiological osmotic value (i.e. water balance).
The excretory system is formed by a series of paired, segmental nephrons that begin with a nephrostome opening into the coelomic cavity.
A pair of glomeruli per segment, supplied by branches from the aorta, projects into the coelomic cavity close to these nephrostomes.
At a later stage of development, the glomerulus/nephrostome area becomes separated from the rest of the coelomic cavity by an epithelial fold.
The nephrons connect to a duct that is formed by caudal growth of the most anterior nephric tubules. These paired urinary ducts open near the anal region.
The topic of Discussion is the Process of Classification, Identification & Nomenclature of an organism based upon their similarities and placing them under a common taxa. The rules of Nomenclature and Taxonomy.
earning Material Upload Naming System:
This phrase is a bit ambiguous. If you are referring to a system for organizing and naming learning materials for upload, it could involve creating a structured naming convention or taxonomy to easily categorize and locate educational resources. This might include details like subject, level, or topic in the file names.
Binomial Nomenclature:
Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living organisms. It was introduced by the Swedish botanist and physician Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. In this system, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name consisting of the genus and the species. For example, Homo sapiens is the scientific name for humans, with Homo representing the genus and sapiens representing the species.Classification:
In biology, classification is the process of organizing living organisms into hierarchical groups based on shared characteristics. The main levels of classification, from broad to specific, are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. This system helps scientists categorize and study the vast diversity of life on Earth.
Evolution:
Evolution is the process by which species of living organisms change over time through the gradual accumulation of small genetic variations. This concept, introduced by Charles Darwin in the 19th century, is driven by natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.
Diversity:
Biological diversity, often referred to as biodiversity, encompasses the variety of life on Earth, including the diversity of species, ecosystems, and genetic variations within species. It is a crucial aspect of the natural world, contributing to ecosystem stability, resilience, and the overall health of the planet.
A talk based on my chapter in _Species Problems and Beyond_ (CRC Press, 2022) in which I argue that some concepts are neither model-based as Nercessian argues, nor theory-derived, but come from the operative traditions as they develop out of folk concepts.
Binomial Nomenclature:
Binomial nomenclature is a formal system of naming species of living organisms. It was introduced by the Swedish botanist and physician Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century. In this system, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name consisting of the genus and the species. For example, Homo sapiens is the scientific name for humans, with Homo representing the genus and sapiens representing the species.
Classification:
In biology, classification is the process of organizing living organisms into hierarchical groups based on shared characteristics. The main levels of classification, from broad to specific, are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. This system helps scientists categorize and study the vast diversity of life on Earth.
Evolution:
Evolution is the process by which species of living organisms change over time through the gradual accumulation of small genetic variations. This concept, introduced by Charles Darwin in the 19th century, is driven by natural selection, where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.
Diversity:
Biological diversity, often referred to as biodiversity, encompasses the variety of life on Earth, including the diversity of species, ecosystems, and genetic variations within species. It is a crucial aspect of the natural world, contributing to ecosystem stability, resilience, and the overall health of the planet.
Life cycle of Protozoan parasite
fish parasite
parasitologyClinostomum compalanatum and Clinostomum marginatum are unsegmented flatworms of the class Trematoda and the order Digenea.
They are also called as yellow grub
They occur frequently in the skin and the muscle of the freshwater fish.
Small cream coloured nodules or cysts ranging from pinhead size up to 2.5 mm depending on their age
The number of cysts may vary from 1-100 or more than
They have an oval or round shape.
The skin of the fish in reaction to the infection produces the cysts, which contain worms.
It may take 3 weeks to make clearly visible cysts after the infection and 7 weeks to reach full size
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
PRINCIPLE 1: Sustainable fish stock
A fishery must be conducted in a manner that does not lead to over-fishing or depletion of the exploited populations and, for those populations that are depleted, the fishery must be conducted in a manner that demonstrably leads to their recovery
PRINCIPLE 2: Minimizing environmental effect
Fishing operations should allow for the maintenance of the structure, productivity, function and diversity of the ecosystem (including habitat and associated dependent and ecologically related species) on which the fishery depends.
Fishing ground is those area of a water body where fish concentration remain always significant
Generally fishing ground is divided into two ways- permanent fishing ground and temporary fishing ground. Bay of Bengal has four fishing ground.
Fish location is the phenomenon of locating fish in the sea at a given area.
It also an indirect method where fishes are detected/found not directly detection the fish themselves but by some other factors like water temperature, turbidity, food availability etc.
Traps are fishing devices into which fish or shellfish are enticed by bait or shelter spaces or enclosures where they are guided to enter, because of an obstacle placed in their normal migration path and from which their escape is made difficult by constriction, retarding valves or labyrinths.
Trap fishing is a passive fishing technique of ancient origin. There is extraordinary variety in their design, fabrication and operation.
The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is the species of fish with the largest reported production in aquaculture globally, over five million tonnes per year. It is a large herbivorous freshwater fish species of the family Cyprinidae
Zooplankton distribution and seasonal successionAl Nahian Avro
The seasonal distribution of the major components of the zooplankton community, protozooplankton, copepods and cladocerans, along a eutrophication gradient were examined in order to establish if eutrophication through increases in phytoplankton biomass and productivity has an impact on biomass and composition of the zooplankton community
The Estuarine System consists of deepwater tidal habitats and adjacent tidal wetlands that are usually semienclosed by land but have open, partly obstructed, or sporadic access to the open ocean, and in which ocean water is at least occasionally diluted by freshwater runoff from the land. The salinity may be periodically increased above that of the open ocean by evaporation. Along some low-energy coastlines there is appreciable dilution of sea water. Offshore areas with typical estuarine plants and animals, such as red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), are also included in the Estuarine System.
Basic bioeconomics model of fishing. In order to perform estimations and predictions of the bioeconomic impact derived from different management strategies, a dynamic modelling approach of the resource and the fishery as a whole is needed. In this Secetion we develop : (1) the static and dynamic versions of the Gordon-Schaefer (Gordon, 1953, 1954) model; (2) a distributed-delays fleet dynamics model based on Smith's (1969) model; (3) yield-mortality models; and (4) age-structured dynamic models (Seijo & Defeo, 1994a).
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
Chemical Oceanography is fundamentally interdisciplinary. The chemistry of the ocean is closely tied to ocean circulation, climate, the plants and animals that live in the ocean, and the exchange of material with the atmosphere, cryosphere, continents, and mantle
Biological and chemical oceanography.Chemical Oceanography is fundamentally interdisciplinary. The chemistry of the ocean is closely tied to ocean circulation, climate, the plants and animals that live in the ocean, and the exchange of material with the atmosphere, cryosphere, continents, and mantle
The bighead carp is a species of freshwater fish, one of several Asian carps. It is one of the most intensively exploited fishes in aquaculture, with an annual worldwide production of over three million tonnes in 2013, principally from China.
Surimi is a Japanese word that literally means "ground meat". 2. To make surimi, the lean meat from white fleshed fish such as pollock is pulverized into a thick paste. The gelatinous paste can then be combined with various additives to become fake crab, fake lobster, and whatnot.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Nomenclature
• The term nomenclature comes from the Latin
words nomen (name) and cloture (to call).
• So it means to call by name.
• It is the role of nomenclature to provide labels for
taxa at all levels in order to facilitate,
communication among biologists.
3. International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature (ICZN)
• By the end of the 19th century it became apparent that
more and more problems have been created instead of
amicable settlement.
• As a result it becomes essential to have an International
Code for International Zoology.
• On the 11th January in 1961 finally a draft was prepared
and submitted to the International Congress of Zoological
Nomenclature (formed 1910).
• It was then approved by the commission and finally
accepted by voting as “International Code for
Zoological Nomenclature” and published by International
Trust of Zoological Nomenclature in 1961.
4. This code consists of three parts-
1) The Code proper
2) Appendices
3) Glossary
5. 1. The Code proper
• It includes ‘preambles’ followed by 87
consecutive numbered Articles which grouped in
18 chapters.
• The Articles are composed of mandatory rules to
which in some cases are attached the
Recommendations.
• The use of recommendations is not mandatory
but lays down the best procedure for cases not
strictly covered by the application of rules.
• These are designated by the number of the
article with which they are associated, followed
by appropriate capital letter, e.g.,
Recommendations 10A, 72B, 74D etc.
6. 2. Appendices
• Appendices are like recommendations not
to be followed strictly like Article. These
are five in numbers and all are designated
from A-E. The particular paragraph of the
appendices is written as A7, D21c etc.
7. 3. Glossary
• The terms are used in the text are
clearly defined in the glossary.
9. 1. Uniqueness
• A classification is a filling system, an information
retrieval system.
• Every name has to be unique because it is the
key to entire literature relating to this species or
higher taxon.
• If several names have been given to the same
taxon, there must be a clear cut method of
determining which of them has validity.
• In case Zoological nomenclature, priority usually
decides in case of conflict.
10. 2. Universality
• Scientific communication would be very difficult if
there were only vernacular names for animals.
• In that case specialists would have to learn the
names of taxa in innumerable languages in order
to communicate each other.
• To avoid this, a single set of names for animals to
be used worldwide.
11. 3. Stability
• As recognition symbols the names of
object would lose much of their
usefulness if they are changed
frequently and arbitrarily.
• It would certainly create confusion if
we were to call an object a spoon
today but an apple next week.
12. Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature is the formal naming system for
living things that all scientists use.
• It gives every species a two-part scientific name.
• For example, the scientific name of Ilish is Tenualosa
ilisha.
• The first part of a scientific name, like Tenualosa, is
called the genus.
• A genus is typically the name for a small group of closely
related organisms.
• The second part of a scientific name, ilisha in this
example, is the specific epithet.
• It is used to identify a particular species as separate from
others belonging to the same genus.
• Together, the genus plus the specific epithet is the full
scientific name for an organism.
13. Binomial Nomenclature Rules
• The entire two-part name must be written in italics (or
underlined when handwritten).
• The genus name is always written first.
• The genus name must be capitalized.
• The specific epithet is never capitalized.
• The name or abbreviated name of the scientist
describing the species for first time should be written
after binomial. E. g. Pseudomonas syringae Val Hall.
• To avoid confusion the same binomial should not be
used to name two different species.
• The year in which organism was described should be
written after the name of the author or scientist.
