Cholesterol is one of the most studied molecules in biology. It plays essential roles in animal cell membranes and is a precursor for bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D. Cholesterol is synthesized endogenously through a complex multi-step process and is also obtained through diet. High levels of cholesterol are linked to atherosclerosis and heart disease, while adequate levels are important for various biological functions. Tight regulation of cholesterol homeostasis is necessary for health.
Inborn errors of amino acid metabolismRamesh Gupta
Inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism e.g. phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, alkaptonuria, homocystinuria, Hartnup disease etc for medical, biochemistry and biology undergraduates
Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
what is lipid ppt
digestion of lipid ppt
phase of digestion and absorption ppt
phases of lipids ppt
digestion in mouth and stomach ppt
digestion in small intestine ppt
secretion of lipids ppt
enzyme involved in lipid digestion ppt
transportation phases of lipids ppt
principles of lipid digestion ppt
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Biosynthesis of fatty acids)Ashok Katta
Synthesis of fatty acids in the body. Detailed pathway for de novo synthesis of fatty acids in the body including its energetic and regulation. also cover Multienzyme complex
Inborn errors of amino acid metabolismRamesh Gupta
Inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism e.g. phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, alkaptonuria, homocystinuria, Hartnup disease etc for medical, biochemistry and biology undergraduates
Digestion and absorption of lipids ppt
what is lipid ppt
digestion of lipid ppt
phase of digestion and absorption ppt
phases of lipids ppt
digestion in mouth and stomach ppt
digestion in small intestine ppt
secretion of lipids ppt
enzyme involved in lipid digestion ppt
transportation phases of lipids ppt
principles of lipid digestion ppt
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Biosynthesis of fatty acids)Ashok Katta
Synthesis of fatty acids in the body. Detailed pathway for de novo synthesis of fatty acids in the body including its energetic and regulation. also cover Multienzyme complex
Lipoprotein metabolism - (transport of lipids in the Blood)Ashok Katta
This presentation explains metabolism of lipoproteins (Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL) in very simple way. The presentation contains lots of animation to explain metabolism of individual lipoproteins.
Complete Set of Metabolism of Carbohydrate in that second chapter, glycolysis.
This presentation covers complete glycolysis pathway with step wise animated reactions and it includes clinical aspects also. This presentation is good for MBBS students.
Viviparity is a unique characteristic of mammals. Gestational outcomes avoiding fetal defects or loss, maternal infection, or morbidity are contingent upon an intimate association between mother and developing fetus that nurtures the fetus without provoking maternal The immune responses.immune cells exist within the decidua to combat infection. The immunology of the maternal-fetal interface from the perspective of these diverse sets of demands, which, may not always be compatible with one another.
Cholesterol Biosynthesis and catabolism for MBBS, Lab. MEd. BDS.pptxRajendra Dev Bhatt
Cholesterol is found exclusively in animals, hence it is often called as animal sterol.
The total body content of cholesterol in an
adult man weighing 70 kg is about 140 g i.e., around 2 g/kg body weight.
The level of cholesterol in blood is related to the development of atherosclerosis & MI.
Cholesterol is the major sterol in the animal tissues.
Cholesterol is present in tissues and in plasma either as free cholesterol or as a storage form, combined with a long-chain fatty acid as cholesteryl ester.
In plasma, both forms are transported in lipoproteins
removed from tissues by plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and transported to the liver, where it is eliminated from the body either unchanged or after conversion to bile acids in the process known as reverse cholesterol transport
Citric acid is a versatile organic acid found in many fruits, especially citrus fruits like lemons, oranges, limes, and grapefruits. Its chemical formula is C6H8O7, and it's classified as a weak acid. Citric acid has a wide range of applications, from food and beverage production to household cleaning and skincare. In this comprehensive description, I'll delve into its properties, uses, production methods, health effects, and environmental impact.
*1. Properties of Citric Acid:*
Citric acid appears as a white crystalline powder or granules. It's odorless and has a tart, sour taste. It's highly soluble in water, making it easy to incorporate into various products. Citric acid is stable at room temperature but decomposes at higher temperatures, losing its acidic properties. It's a chelating agent, meaning it can bind to metal ions, making it useful in certain industrial processes and household cleaners.
*2. Sources of Citric Acid:*
While citric acid occurs naturally in citrus fruits, it's also produced commercially through microbial fermentation, primarily using strains of the fungus Aspergillus niger. This method allows for large-scale production of citric acid to meet the demand in various industries. Additionally, it can be synthesized chemically, although this method is less common due to higher production costs and environmental concerns.
*3. Uses of Citric Acid:*
*- Food and Beverage Industry:* Citric acid is widely used as a flavoring agent, acidity regulator, and preservative in the food and beverage industry. It enhances the flavor of many products and provides a tart taste in sodas, candies, jams, and preserves. It also acts as a preservative, extending the shelf life of packaged foods and preventing discoloration in fruits and vegetables.
*- Pharmaceutical Industry:* Citric acid is used in pharmaceuticals as a pH regulator, excipient in tablets and capsules, and as a flavoring agent in syrups and liquid medications.
*- Cleaning Products:* Due to its chelating properties, citric acid is used in household cleaning products such as descalers, bathroom cleaners, and dishwashing detergents. It effectively removes mineral deposits and stains without the need for harsh chemicals.
*- Cosmetics and Personal Care:* Citric acid is found in skincare products like exfoliating scrubs, facial peels, and anti-aging creams. It helps to promote skin renewal by gently removing dead skin cells and promoting collagen production.
*- Industrial Applications:* Citric acid is used in various industrial processes, including water softening, metal cleaning, and the production of detergents and surfactants.
*4. Production Methods:*
*- Microbial Fermentation:* This is the most common method for commercial production of citric acid. It involves fermenting glucose or sucrose-containing substrates with strains of Aspergillus niger in large-scale bioreactors. The fungus produces citric acid as a byproduct of its metabolism, which is then extracted and purified.
*- C
This presentation shows the process of digestion and absorption of lipids. It also shows lipolysis and its definition, and regulation. Also it shows the different types of oxidation of fatty acids.
Cholesterol is the major sterol in the animal tissues.
Cholesterol is present in tissues and in plasma either as free cholesterol or as a storage form, combined with a long-chain fatty acid as cholesteryl ester. This presentation provide an overview of how cholesterol and ketone bodies are synthesised.
Lipids are fats that are either absorbed from food or synthesized by the liver. Triglycerides (TGs) and cholesterol contribute most to disease, although all lipids are physiologically important.
Cholesterol is a ubiquitous constituent of cell membranes, steroids, bile acids, and signaling molecules.
Triglycerides primarily store energy in adipocytes and muscle cells.
Lipoproteins are hydrophilic, spherical structures that possess surface proteins (apoproteins, or apolipoproteins) that are cofactors and ligands for lipid-processing enzymes (see table Major Apoproteins and Enzymes Important to Lipid Metabolism). All lipids are hydrophobic and mostly insoluble in blood, so they require transport within lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are classified by size and density (defined as the ratio of lipid to protein) and are important because high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are major risk factors for atherosclerotic heart disease.
Dyslipidemia is elevation of plasma cholesterol and/or triglycerides, or a low HDL cholesterol level that contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.
cholesterol introduction , synthesis , degradation and functions.
different intermediate products , biochemical importance, fate of cholesterol: synthesis of bile acids (primary and secondary ) , synthesis of vitamin D and different steroid hormones
clinical significance of cholesterol: Hypercholesterolemia ANd hypocholesterolemia normal ranges and so on
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Biological oxidation (part - III) Oxidative PhosphorylationAshok Katta
Biological oxidation (part - III) Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation
-- Chemiosmotic theory
-P:O Ratio
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
Shuttle Systems for Oxidation of Extramitochondrial NADH
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Digital Artifact 2 - Investigating Pavilion Designs
Metabolism of cholesterol -
1.
2. • Cholesterol is the most decorated small molecule in
biology.
• Thirteen Nobel Prizes have been awarded to
scientists who devoted major parts of their careers
to cholesterol.
• Ever since it was first isolated from gallstones in
1784, almost exactly 200 years ago, cholesterol has
exerted a hypnotic fascination for scientists from
the most diverse domains of science and medicine.
3. Organic chemists
• Its complex four-ring structure.
Biochemists
• Synthesized from a simple two-carbon substrate, acetate,
through the action of at least 30 enzymes.
Physiologists and cell biologists
• Its essential function in membranes of animal cells.
Physicians
• Elevated levels of bl cholesterol accelerate the formation of
atherosclerotic plaques leading to heart attacks & strokes.
F a s c i n a t i o n w i t h c h o l e s t e r o l . . .
Thestudies of cholesterol therefore embrace almost all disciplines of modern Sciences.
4. Cholesterol
Cholesterol is
the major
sterol in
animal
tissues.
No vegetable
oil contains
any
cholesterol.
Only a little
portion of the
body
cholesterol is
derived from
diet.
The bulk of it
is synthesized
in the body.
5. It has the ring called
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene (CPPP)
as a parent structure.
OH
A B
C D
9. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol
About 1 gm of cholesterol is synthesized per day in
adults.
Almost all tissues of the body participate in the
cholesterol synthesis.
The largest contribution is made by……
LIVER (50%),
INTESTINE (15%),
SKIN,
ADRENAL CORTEX,
REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES.
10. The enzymes involved in the synthesis are found
in the CYTOSOL and MICROSOMAL fractions of
the cells.
Acetyl CoA provides the carbon atoms in the
cholesterol.
The reducing equivalents are supplied by NADPH
while ATP provides energy.
11. For production of 1 mole of cholesterol
18 moles of Acetyl CoA
36 moles of ATP
16 moles of NADPH
are required.
12. Formation of HMG CoA
Formation of Mevalonate (6C)
Production of Isoprenoid units (5C)
Synthesis of Squalene
Conversion of …..
Squalene to Cholesterol (27C)
Steps of the Cholesterol Synthesis
17. Regulation of Synthesis
HMG-CoA reductase is the rate limiting enzyme
in cholesterol biosynthesis.
The following are the different kinds of
metabolic control:
Feedback Regulation
Hormonal Regulation
Nutritional Regulation
19. Competitive inhibitor drugs of HMG-CoA reductase:
Pravastatin
Lovastatin
Mevastatin
Simvastatin
Fluvastatin
These are the structural analogues of intermediates
in the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate
20.
21. Degradation of Cholesterol
Cholesterol undergo degradative reactions in
humans with conversion of cholesterol to
physiologically important products like,
Bile acids
& Bile Salts
Steroid
Hormones
Vitamin-D
22. Formation of Bile acids
The primary bile acids are
Cholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic acid
synthesized in the liver from cholesterol by
multistep pathways
24. The primary bile acids are conjugate with
glycine and taurine to form
Glycocholicacid
Taurocholic acid
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid
25. The conjugated bile salts are synthesized in liver and
accumulated in the gall bladder.
From there they are secreted into the small intestine
where they are serve as a emulsifying agents for
digestion and absorption of fat.
26. A large portion of the bile salts are reabsorbed and
returned to the liver through portal vein.
Thus bile acids are recycled and reused several times
in a day.
This is known as Enterohepatic circulation.
The fecal excretion of bile salts is the only route for the
excretion of cholesterol from the body.
27.
28. Bile salts and phospholipids
are responsible for keeping the
cholesterol in bile in the soluble
state.
Due to their deficiency leads to
the accumulation of cholesterol
crystals in the gall bladder.
This condition is known as
cholelithiasis.
29. Patients with this condition are responds to the
administration of the bile acid chenodeoxycholic
acid known as CHENODIOL.
Surgical removal of gall bladder is the only
remedy.
30. Synthesis of Steroid Hormones
Cholesterol is the precursor for the synthesis of all the
five classes of steroid hormones like;
Glucocorticoid
Mineralocorticoids
Progesterones
Androgens
Estrogens
31. Synthesis of Vitamin D
7-dehydrocholesterol an intermediate of the
biosynthetic pathway of cholesterol, is
converted into cholecalciferol by ultra violet
rays in the skin.
32. Transport of Cholesterol
Cholesterol is present in the plasma lipoproteins in two
forms:
1. 70 to 75% are esterified form with long chain fatty
acid
2. 25 to 30% are free form this may exchange with
different form of lipoproteins.
36. Role of LCAT
HDL and the enzyme LCAT are the responsible for
the transport and elimination of cholesterol from
the body.
LCAT is a plasma enzyme synthesized in liver.
It catalyzed the transfer of the fatty acid from the
2nd position of the Phosphatidyl Choline (Lecithin)
to the hydroxyl group of the cholesterol.
38. Plasma Cholesterol
In healthy individuals, the normal cholesterol level is about 150
to 200 mg/dl.
The women have relatively less cholesterol which is attributed to
the hormones.
39. Plasma cholesterol is associated with the different forms of
lipoprotein fractions like:
HDL (40 to 60 mg/dl)
LDL (less than130 mg/dl)
VLDL (1/5th of TGL)
41. Major Sources of Liver Cholesterol and its
Utilization
CHOLESTEROL POOL
(1000mg)
Liver
Dietary
Cholesterol
(500mg/day)
Synthesis of
Cholesterol in
Liver
(500mg/day)
Cholesterol from extra
hepatic tissues
(Variable)
Bile acids and
Bile salts
(250mg/day)
Cholesterol lost
in bile
(500mg/day)
Lipoproteins
(variable)
43. It is also associated with
CHD
ARTHEROSCLEROSIS
44. Control of Hypercholesterolemia
Consumption of PUFA
Dietary Cholesterol
Dietary fibre
Avoid high Carbohydrate
Impact life style
Moderate alcohol consumption
Uses of drugs
45. HypoCholesterolemia
Seen in the following conditions:
Hyperthyroidism
Pernicious Anemia
Malabsorption syndrome
Hemolytic Jaundice