The document discusses Clostridium difficile, an anaerobic bacterium that can cause pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. It produces toxins A and B which damage the colonic epithelium and cause inflammation. Risk factors include disruption of the normal gut microbiota by antibiotics and transmission from person to person. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic carriage to severe complications like toxic megacolon. Diagnosis involves stool testing and endoscopy may show pseudomembranes. Treatment involves stopping the inciting antibiotic and using metronidazole or vancomycin. Prevention focuses on hand hygiene and contact precautions when caring for infected patients.

1. Clostridium tetani Clostridium difficile Dr Kamran Afzal Asst Prof Microbiology

2. Clostridium tetani Tetanus

4. Clostridium tetani

8. Injuries and Conditions Data available for 129 of 130 reported cases. Source: MMWR 2003;52(SS-3):1-12

10. How Tetanospasmin reaches the CNS?

11. Mechanism of Action of Tetanus Toxin

24. Assess Wound

29. Clostridium difficile PMC CDAD AAD

33. Virulence Factors

34. Disruption of protective colonic flora Colonization with toxigenic Cl difficile by fecal-oral transmission Toxin A and B production A/B: Cytoskeletal damage, loss of tight junctions A: Mucosal injury, inflammation, fluid secretion Colitis and Diarrhea Colonization with toxigenic Cl difficile by fecal-oral transmission Colonization with toxigenic Cl difficile by fecal-oral transmission

35. Formation of Pseudomembrane

36. Formation of Pseudomembrane Plaque

43. Endoscopic Appearance

44. Toxic Megacolon

45. “ Thumb printing” effect