The document discusses referencing styles and how to avoid plagiarism in academic work. It covers several common referencing styles like APA, MLA, Chicago, and Vancouver styles. It provides examples of how to reference different sources like books, journal articles, websites, and more according to the Vancouver style. Maintaining accurate references is important to give proper credit to other authors' work and allow readers to find the original sources.

1. 1
Referencing Style
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

2. “There is no way to get experience
except through experience.”
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS 2

3. Terminology:
 Citation
 Refrence
 Bibliography
 Dissertation
 Thesis
 Research Report
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS 3

4. 4
Referencing Style
 The Vancouver system – used in medical and scientific journal
 The Harvard system
 Chicago manual of style
 American Psychological Association (APA)- Psychology,
education and other social sciences
 American Medical Association (AMA) – Medicine &
biological sciences
 Modern Language Association (MLA)- literature & arts
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

5. 5
Referencing Style contd..
Why do we need reference?
 To give credit to the ideas/works of other authors.
 To allow others (readers) to find the original sources
easily (cited reference)
 To make the work informative. (Quality)
 To get recognition & authentication of the work.
 To address the issue of plagiarism
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

6. 6
Referencing Style contd..
Plagiarism
Examples:
 the verbatim copying of others work without
acknowledgement.
 the close paraphrasing of others work by simply
changing a few words of altering the order of
presentation.
 the unacknowledged quotation of phrases.
 PROGRAMME: IThenticate and Turn it in
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

7. 7
Referencing Style contd..
Sources of Information
1. Book
2. Journal
3. Newspaper / magazine
4. Conference paper/proceedings
5. Annual report
6. Institutional / Government publication
7. Electronic sources- Website, CD-ROM, Databases
8. Theses/ Reports/ unpublished works
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

8. 8
Referencing Style contd..
Elements in the reference list
1. Author
2. Title of document
3. Date ( year of publication)
4. place of publication
5. Edition
6. Periodicity (volume/ issue/ part number)
7. Series
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

9. 9

10. 10
Referencing Style contd..
Format of book in various system
APA: Surname, initial. (year). Title. Edition. Place: Publisher.
Vancouver: surname initials. Title. Edition. Place of
publication: publisher; year.
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

11. 11
Referencing Style contd..
Format of journal in various system
APA: surname, initial. (year). Title of article. Title
of journal in italics, volume number (issue/part), pages.
Vancouver: surname initials. Title of article. Title of
journal in abbreviated date/year;volume(issue):pages.
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

12. 12
The Vancouver system
Reference List- Book
Format: surname initial. Title. Edition. Place: Publisher; year. P.
page number. (series title; volume number).
Example: (one to six author)
1. Mehta RS, Mandal GN. Nursing concept: fundamental of
nursing. Kathmandu: Makalu Books and Stationers; 2005.
For chapter (in editorial works)
2. Yadav BK. In: Mehta RS, Mandal GN, editors. Nursing concept:
fundamental of nursing. Kathmandu: Makalu Books and
Stationers; 2005. p. 125 - 35.
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

13. 13
The Vancouver system contd..
B. Reference List- Book
More than six author
3. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL,
Longo DL, Jameson JL, et al., editors. Harrison,s
principles of internal medicine. 17th ed. New york:
McGraw Hill, Medical; 2008.
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

14. 14
The Vancouver system contd..
Conferences
Format: surname Initials. Title of paper. In: Editor's surname
Initials, editor. Title of the Conference; Date of conference;
Place of publication: Publisher's name; Year of Publication. p.
page numbers.
Example:
Anderson JC. Current status of chorion villus biopsy. In:
Tudenhope D, Chenoweth J, editors. Proceedings of the 4th
Congress of the Australian Perinatal Society; 1986: Brisbane,
Queensland: Australian Perinatal Society; 1987. p. 190-6.
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

15. 15
The Vancouver system contd..
Journal
Format:
surname Initials, surname Initials. Title of article. Title
of Journal. [abbreviated] year/dateYear Month
date;Volume Number(Issue number):page numbers.
Example:
1. Pass RF, Zhang C, Evans A, Simpson T, Andrews W,
Huang M, et al. Vaccine prevention of maternal
cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med 2009 Mar
19;360(12):1191-99.
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

16. 16
The Vancouver system contd..
Electronic Journal (online journal)
Format:
surname Initials. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal [serial
online]. Year of publication Month day [cited Year Month Day];
Volume Number(Issue number):[about number of pages or screens].
Available from: URL:
Example:
Aylin P, Bottle A, Jarman B, Elliott, P. Paediatric cardiac surgical
mortality in England after Bristol: descriptive analysis of hospital
episode statistics 1991-2002. BMJ [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Oct
9;[cited 2004 October 15]; 329:[about 10 screens]. Available from: URL:
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7470/825
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

17. 17
The Vancouver system contd..
Website
Format:
Author/Editor/Organisation's name . Title of the page
[homepage on the Internet]. Place of publication:
Publisher's name; [updated yr month day; cited yr
month day]. Available from:
Example:
HeartCentreOnline [homepage on the Internet]. Boca
Raton, FL: HeartCentreOnline, Inc.; c2000-2004
[updated 2004 May 23; cited 2004 Oct 15]. Available
from: http://www.heartcenteronline.com/
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

18. 18
Example of reference list written in Vancouver style:
Reference list
1. Dybvig DD, Dybvig M. Det tenkende mennesket.
Filosofi- og vitenskapshistorie med
vitenskapsteori. 2nd edition. Trondheim: Tapir
akademisk forlag; 2003.
2. Bick, J. 101 Thing You Need to Know about
Internet Law [electronic book]. New York: Three
Rivers Press; 2000 [cited 30 March, 2004]. Avalible
at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ntnu/.
3. Beizer JL, Timiras, ML. Pharmacology and drug
management in the elderly. 2nd edition. In:
Timirad PS, ed. Physiological basis of aging and
geriatrics. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1994. pp. 279-
284.
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

19. Thank you
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS 19

20. 20
APA STYLE GUIDE
For the Fifth Edition
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

21. 21
APA Citation Style
Journal or Magazine Article
(use for journals that start each issue with page one)
Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek:
The next generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13(2), 53-65.
Dubeck, L. (1990). Science fiction aids science teaching. Physics
Teacher, 28, 316-318.
Journal or Magazine Article
(use for journals where the page numbering continues from issue to
issue)
Newspaper Article
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes
explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles
Times, p. A3.
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

22. 22
Article from an Internet Database
(for more details, see the American Psychological Association's official
site)
Mershon, D. H. (1998, November-December). Star trek on the brain:
Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86, 585. Retrieved
July 29, 1999, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.
Book
Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star trek chronology: The history
of the future. New York: Pocket Books.
Book Article or Chapter
James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according
to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic
(pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

23. 23
Encyclopedia Article
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana
(Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
Website
(for more details, see the American Psychological Association's official
site)
Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Retrieved
October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club
Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/
503r.html
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

24. 24
Reference List
Book with one author.
What is included in a Reference list entry:
 Author(s). (Date of publication). Title of book. City of
publisher: Publisher.
 Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press.
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS

25. 25
Thank you for your
participation
Dr. R S Mehta, MSND, BPKIHS