Reference citation styles p

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Managing References
With Endnote Software
Rauf Ullah
Librarian,
NIFA, P. O. 446, Peshawar
raufullah@yahoo.com Landline:091-2964060-62

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Topics Covers
•Citation, Bibliography, Footnote and Endnotes
•Various referencing styles
• EndNote and other reference management tools
•How EndNote can help you to manage your literature
search in the library

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Citation
 Citation:
citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source.
A short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted
passage.
 Bibliographic citation:
A bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article,
web page, or other published item.
Both Citations and Bibliographies should supply sufficient
details to identify the item uniquely.

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In-text CitationsIn-text Citations
 when you provide information about the source in the text ofwhen you provide information about the source in the text of
paperpaper
 A brief acknowledgement within the paper wherever another’sA brief acknowledgement within the paper wherever another’s
words, facts, or ideas have been incorporated, his name mustwords, facts, or ideas have been incorporated, his name must
be located at the end of the quoted or borrowed information.be located at the end of the quoted or borrowed information.
 Must refer to a specific work listed under the “Works Cited”Must refer to a specific work listed under the “Works Cited”
page or “References” Page at the end of the paper.page or “References” Page at the end of the paper.

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Citation Systems
Note system: A passage selected from a larger work
bearing numerical designations or Take out of a literary
work in order to cite. The note for which must be
located either at footnote or endnote.
Parenthetical System: when author name is
placed in parenthesis soon after his saying in your work.
At the end of your work under Bibliography, or under
Works Cited page completed reference is provided.

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Note System Example
An excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system would
look like this:
"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining,
depression, and acceptance."1
The note, located either at footnote or endnote would look like
this:
1
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying
(New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.

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Parenthetical System Example
In your paper you write:
In their Preface, the authors point out that "Learning Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML) and Extensible Hypertext Markup
Language (XHTML) is like learning any new language, computer
or human" (Musciano and Kennedy xi).
In your Bibliography, or on your Works Cited page, you
list:
Musciano, Chuck, and Bill Kennedy. HTML and XHTML: The
Definitive Guide. 4th ed. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly, 2000.

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Footnote and Endnote
 A note placed at the bottom of a page of a book or
manuscript that comments on or cites a reference
for a designated part of the text.
 A note of reference, explanation, or comments
usually placed at the end of chapter of a book,
manuscript etc.
 They are intended to refer readers to the exact
pages of the works listed under the Works Cited,
References, or Bibliography section

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Work Cited, References & Bibliography
 Works Cited/ References– A list of citations that
appears at the end of the paper. The citations listed are
only those referred to in the paper, not everything that was
reviewed.
 Bibliography- An alphabetical list of all materials
consulted in the preparation of your assignment
 Entries in Works Cited, References, or Bibliography are
put in alphabetical order by last names of authors, editors,
translators, etc. or by first words of titles.

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Why cite sources?
 Avoid Plagiarism
 Guide readers to towards the sources you consulted
 Show the depth and scope of your research
 Give credit to the time & creative effort of those whose information you
use.
 Cting sources is standard practice

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Different Styles of Citation
 APA (American Psychology Association)
 MLA (Modern Language Association)
 Chicago StyleChicago Style – Chicago Manual of Style– Chicago Manual of Style
 Turabian StyleTurabian Style – based on Chicago Style– based on Chicago Style
http://www.apastyle.org/products/index.aspx
and a lot more. . . .and a lot more. . . .

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Which Style Should You Use?
APA: The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, 6th ed. is the authority used by
writers in social sciences and natural sciences.
MLA: The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers,
6th ed. is the authority used by writers in many disciplines
in Arts/ literature and humanities.
Chicago: The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. is the
authority used by writers in many disciplines in
humanities and social sciences.
Turabian: A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses,
and Dissertations by Kate L. Turabian (This is a
simpler version of The Chicago Manual of Style.)

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Others Styles
Biology: The CBE Manual for Authors
Chemistry: ACS Style Guide
Geography: Annals of the Assoc. of the Amer. Geographers Stylesheet
Law: The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation
Linguistics: Language Style Sheet
Medicine: AMA Manual of Style
Physics: AIP Style Manual
Anthropology: American Anthropological Association Style Guide

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Information Needed for All Citation StylesInformation Needed for All Citation Styles
 Author or corporate Body responsible for literary workAuthor or corporate Body responsible for literary work
 Title of the workTitle of the work
 place of publicationplace of publication
 Publisher of the workPublisher of the work
 Date of publicationDate of publication
 Title of the Source, if work is part of something else, i.e.. journal,Title of the Source, if work is part of something else, i.e.. journal,
encyclopedia, websiteencyclopedia, website
 Location information within the Source, i.e.. Volume, issue #, page orLocation information within the Source, i.e.. Volume, issue #, page or
paragraph numbersparagraph numbers
 Retrieval date, if electronic formatRetrieval date, if electronic format

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APA Format
Reference entries should be double-spaced (5.18), Indent all lines except
the first line of each reference (5.18). Place one space after periods,
commas, and colons (5.11). Example:
Shahab, Q. (2005). Shahab Nama, an autobiography. Lahore: Meel,
Sange-e-.
MLA Format
Shahab, Qudrat Ullah, Shahab Nama, an autobiography. Lahore: Meel,
Sange-e-., 2005.
http://citationmachine.net/index2.php?start=&page=about#
Chicago/Turabian Format
Shahab, Qudrat Ullah. Shahab Nama, an autobiography. Lahore:
Sange-e-Meel publication. 2005.
Examples of a Citation for a Book

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Examples of a Citation for a Journal Article
APA Format
Spaulding, J. (1996). Yosemite and Ansel Adams: Art,
commerce and western tourism. Pacific Historical Review
65, 616-625.
MLA Format
Spaulding, Jonathan “Yosemite and Ansel Adams: Art,
Commerce and Western Tourism.” Pacific Historical
Review 65 (Nov 1996): 616-625
Chicago/Turabian Format
Spaulding, Jonathan. “Yosemite and Ansel Adams: Art,
Commerce and Western Tourism.” Pacific Historical
Review 65 (Nov 1996): 616-625

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Examples of Citing an Online Article
APA Format
Euban, D. (2005). Court restricts free speech for college students.
Academe, 91, 189-236. Retrieved July 15, 2007, from Academic
Search Premier database.
MLA Format
Euban, Donna. “Court Restricts Free Speech for College Students.”
Academe. 91(2005): 189-236. Academic Search Elite.
EBSCO. California State University Fullerton, Pollak Library. July
2007 <http://search.epet.com/>.
Chicago/Turabian
Euban, Donna. Court Restricts Free Speech for College Students.
Academe, 91, no. 5 (2005):189-236
http://search.epnet.com/direct/asp?an=9878006&=afh
(accessed July 15, 2007).

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Reference management Softwares
These softwares enable you to:
 Download and store references
 Organizes citations for a bibliography and puts it into aOrganizes citations for a bibliography and puts it into a
specific stylespecific style
 Include abstracts, keywords and notes with the references &
also full texts.
 Produce lists of references for yourself or others
 Automatically insert citations of references while typing (Cite
While You Write)
 Create a bibliography while typing (Cite While You Write)

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Free, open source alternatives to
EndNote
 KnightCite Citation Creation Tool - this site
generates citations in APA, MLA, and Chicago citation
styles
 EasyBib - this site generates citations in MLA and
APA formats
 NoodleBib (requires free registration) - this site
generates citations for APA and MLA citation styles

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EndNote
 Tech4Learning's Citation Maker (requires free
registration) - choose "Tools," then "Citation Maker" to
generate citations for MLA and APA
 Scribe – this markup language is an ancestor of
HTML and LaTeX (a citation system used by
mathematicians, engineers, and scientists)

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EndNote
 LaTeX - this document preparation system is for technical
and scientific work. Click here to download it for free.
 BibTeX - an off-shoot of LaTeX, this markup language is
supported by Google Scholar
 Zotero - as an extension of Firefox, this program allows
you to import citations from web pages into a personal
filing system (Firefox 2.0 is required to use this)

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Reference Management Software

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What is EndNote?
The software contain mechanize forms of citations,
bibliographies, search bibliographic databases on net,
organize references, images, PDF(s) and have the
facility of built-in templates for constructing good
research papers, thesis/ dissertation etc.

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EndNote…
 Includes 50 different reference types each with 52 fields
 More than 4500 different output styles available
 Access over 300 Internet libraries (z39.50 sites) to search from
within EndNote using connection files
 Access over Different databases to search from within EndNote
using Filters.
 There is no limit to the number of references you can create in an
EndNote library.
 There is no limit to the number of libraries you can create.

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Requirements for Installation of
EndNote
Compatible PC require
 Win 7 or Win Vista or Win XP
 450- MHz or Faster Processor
 A minimum of 256 MB of available Ram
 HD with at least 180 MB of Free Space
 Internet Connection
 Microsoft office 2003, 2007 or 2010 must be installed so as to
enable EndNote to install CYWY commands in word.

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Start EndNote Installation
 Double click the installer file to start the EndNote Setup
Program. Make sure that no applications are running, including
virus protection software, Microsoft Word, or any other
applications.
 Accept the License Agreement.
 Select the Typical from installation type it installs the most
popular 100 output styles, most popular 100 filters, and most
popular 100 connection files.
 By default, EndNote is installed in the C drive. The Demo version
is installed in the C:Program FilesEndNote X4 Demo folder.

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Selecting Features
The component you can select for installation include.
 EndNote Application. Program, Sample files, Help.
 Word Templates/Add-ins. Templates for Word, CYWY .
 Additional Styles. Formats for creating bibliographies .
 Additional Connections. Files for directly retrieving
references from online reference databases.
 Additional Filters. Files for importing text files of reference
data.
 Spelling Dictionaries. For the spelling checking.
 Backing Up or Replacing Files. Gives two options “Back up
older files” or “Remove older Files”.
See details on page 2 of Help File.

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To start the EndNote program and
open the sample library:
1. From the Start menu, choose Programs > EndNote >EndNote
Program. If this is the first time you have used the program, a
dialog appears prompting you to open a reference library.

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To Start the EndNote….
2. Click the File Cabinet icon next to “Open an existing EndNote
Library”.
3. In the file dialog, locate and open a reference library. Use the
Look in: menu to find the EndNote X4/Examples folder.
 Choose the C: drive and Open.
 Choose Program Files and Open.
 Choose the EndNote X4 folder and Open. Choose the Examples
folder shortcut and Open.
4. The example library is shipped as a single compressed file. Open
the Sample_Library_X4.enlx file and EndNote extracts the
uncompressed library files (Sample_Library_X4.enl and
Sample_Library_X4.Data) and opens them for viewing.
5. If you have previously opened the compressed sample library,
select Sample_Library_X4.enl, and then click Open.

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Reference List Pane
Tab Pane
Group Pane

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Library Window Structure
 Reference List pane: Displays a multi-column list of references. By
default, the first column in the reference list shows a paper clip icon for
references that include an attached file in the File Attachments field. This
is followed by Author, Title etc.
 Tab pane: Displays a Preview tab to view formatted references, a
Search tab for searching either the current library or an online database,
and a Quick Edit tab allowing you to quickly edit a reference.
 Groups pane: Displays various group sets that contain groups.
Groups make it easy to break a large library into subsets for later
viewing. A group simply points to a subset of references that
already exist in the library. You can further organize your
references by storing multiple groups in custom Group Sets.

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Creating a Library in Endnote
 Sample Library (Default Library)
 Creating and opening a Library
 Back-up your Library
 Saving a Copy of a library
 Saving a compressed copy of a library
 Deleting a Library

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Creating a new library
 File menu> New>dialog box open
 Enter a name for your new library. If
you include an extension, use the
extension " ENL” which stands for
"EndNote Library”
 Using the "Save in" list, choose the
location where you would like to save
the library.
 Click Save and the new library
appear as an empty EndNote library,
"Showing 0 out of 0 references.”
 On disk, each EndNote library is
made up of both an . ENL file and
a .DATA folder.

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Opening an existing Library
Steps involved:
File Menu> Open> Click on the name of your needed
Library or Click Open and then in the “Select a
Reference Library” box and Look in menu, navigate
to the folder in where you have saved your library>
Select your library and click Open.

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Back-up your Library
 It is imperative that you back up your libraries, along with any
other important documents. EndNote automatically saves
changes to your library as you work with it, so there is no Save or
Save As command for the library. You can, however, use the Save
a Copy command to create an exact copy of your library.
 Saving a Copy of a library:
Open the library> File Menu> Save a copy> Dialog Box open>
Name the new library and choose where to save it.
 Saving a compressed copy of a library: Open the library in
EndNote. > File menu> Compressed Library> Dialog box
Displays> Use the radio buttons to determine different options as
listed in the dialog box > Click Next> save the file

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Note. EndNote libraries larger than 4 gigabytes (GB) or 65,535 files (64 K)
cannot be compressed with EndNote’s Compressed Library commands.
Compressed Library

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Deleting a Library

EndNote library can be deleted in two ways One option is by dragging
the library file with extension ENL file and and its associated .DATA
folder to the Recycle Bin on the Windows desktop.
 The other is to delete a library from within EndNote: Close the library,
but keep EndNote open.
 From the File menu, select Open and then click Open Library
instead of clicking on name of library.
 In the file dialog, highlight the libraryname.enl file, right click
your mouse, and click Delete.
 Next, highlight the libraryname.DATA folder, right click your
mouse, and click Delete.
 Click Cancel to close the file dialog

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Setting Endnote Preferences
This session covers:
 Set a favorite library to open each time you
start EndNote.
 Change the display fonts.
 Change the Display Fields and many more.

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To Set a Favorite Library
1. Go to the Edit menu and choose Preferences.
2. In the list on the left, click Libraries.
3. Choose Open the specified libraries from the
When EndNote Start options.

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To Change the Display Font
In the list on the left, click Display Fonts to display a dialog
with four tabs.
 The Library tab: Determines the font and size of the
references listed in the Reference List pane
 The General tab: Determines the display of all text entered in the
Plain Font and Plain Size.
 The Labels tab: Determines the font and size used for the
Reference window field labels.
 The Search tab: Determines the font and size applied to
user-entered text on the Search tab in Tab Pane.

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To Change the Display Fields
To access these settings:
 Click on Display Fields in the list of preferences
 Choose the desired field from each Field list. You may
select up to eight fields to be displayed in the Library
window.
 To show fewer than eight fields, select “Do not display”
instead of a field name
 To change the name of the Column Heading in Library
window, enter a new name in the Heading column next
to the chosen field.

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Merging Endnote Libraries
Three ways to merge libraries:
 Import one library into another
 Copy references from one library into
another
 Drag-and-Drop

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Importing EndNote Libraries
Steps Involved:
1. Open the library into which you want to import the
references.
2. From the File menu, choose Import> Click the File
option next to it to see a dialog box.
3. Click the chose button on the dialog box to select your
desired library for import.
4. From the Import Options list, select EndNote
Library.
Continued…

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Steps for import…
4. Select an option from the Duplicates list:
 Import All: Imports the references, including duplicates.
 Discard Duplicates: Imports the references, except duplicates.
 Import into Duplicates Library: Duplicate references are imported into
a library called File-Dupl.enl, where "File" is the name of the library into
which you are importing.
5. By default, a reference is considered a duplicate when the Author,
Year, Title, and Reference Type match a reference already in the
library.
6. Set the Text Translation option to No Translation. Extended
characters, saved as Unicode in EndNote, will transfer correctly.
7. Click Import to import the file.

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Adding and Editing References
Three ways to add reference to the Library
 Creating new References manually
 Add references using online databases to
retrieve references from them directly
 Import text files of references that have
been downloaded from online bibliographic
databases

Attaching a File to a Reference
 Working with Output Styles

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Creating new References manually
 Click in the reference list, and then from the References menu,
choose New Reference (CTRL+N) to display an empty Reference
window.

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Add references using online
databases
This section covers the following topics:
 Connections and Filters.
 The Library Window Display Modes
 Connect to an online database.
 Find and attach the full text article for a
reference.
 Search the database and download the
references into an EndNote library.

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What is a Connection File?
 A connection file contains all the information necessary to
connect to, search, and import references from an online
database or online library catalog. Each connection file represents
a different online database .
 Go to Edit menu> Connection Files> Open Connection Manager
to view all connections.
 To make any connection as favorite, click the check box next to it
and select “favorite” from Find by button. All connection files
that are marked as favorites (up to 500) appear as an Online
Search group in the Library window. This gives you easy access to
the files you use most often.
 To modify a connection file, select it in the list and click Edit. See
the Related Topics list below for topics about how to work with
connection files.

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What are filters?
 Filters map downloaded references to corresponding fields in EndNote.
By default, the 100 most popular filters are stored as individual files in
the Filters folder in your EndNote program folder. A filter is selected
during the import process to show EndNote exactly how to interpret the
information in your data file (the records downloaded or saved from an
online or CD-ROM database).
 Go to Edit menu> Import Filters > Open filters Manager to view all
filters. Here you can make favorite filters, edit filters and get more filters
from web.
 Many of the filters include a Comments section with tips about
how to best download references for importing into EndNote.
 The list of information providers given in help file on pages 27-31,
with their recommended output formats and import filters, is
simply a subset of those services that are supported.

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To install additional filters
Steps for Using the EndNote installer to install additional
filters
 During EndNote installation program as you would for a new
installation. Or Go to Control Panel. Then, choose Add or
Remove Programs. In the list, click on EndNote X4 and then
Change to resume to installation setup.
 On the “Application Maintenance” dialog, select the Modify
option and click Next.
 On the “Select Features” dialog, click the plus sign (+) next to
Additional Filters.
 For each set of filters you would like to install, click the triangle
and select either "Will be installed on local hard drive" or "Entire
feature will be installed on local hard drive."
 Click Next to continue with the installation.
 The filters will be copied to the EndNote Filters folder.

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To install additional filters from web
To download individual filters:
 From the Edit menu in EndNote, choose Import Filters and then
Open Filter Manager.
 Click Get More on the Web to start your default browser and go to
the appropriate page on the EndNote web site.
 Click Accept to accept the Terms of Use.
 Browse through an alphabetical listing of the available filter files,
and Download those files you want to install.
 Copy the downloaded files to your Filters folder, which is typically
located at Program FilesEndNote X4Styles .

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The Library Window Display Modes

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Modes of Library
 In Integrated Library & Online Search Mode: It contain all
groups and commands. When you download references from an
online database, they are saved directly into the open library.
 In Local Library Mode: the Online Search groups are not
available. All local library commands are available. If you initiate
an online search from the Tools menu, the display switches to
Online Search Mode.
 In Online Search Mode: It contain only the Online Search
groups. When you download references from an online database,
the references are stored in a temporary library until you save
them to a permanent EndNote library. This allows you to
download references from online databases and review them
without affecting your local library. Many library commands are
not available in Online Search Mode. When you close Online
Search Mode, the display changes to Local Library Mode.

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Steps to connect to an Online
Database
 On the Groups pane, under Online Search,
select the online database you want to
search. That initiates the online
connection.
 If the database you want to search is not
listed under Online Search in the Groups
pane, choose Tools > Online Search, select
the desired database, and click Choose to
initiate the connection.
 This window displays the connection files
available in your Connections folders. A
Typical installation installs the 100 most
popular connection files, but more than
4,100 connection files are available with
EndNote.
 When connection has been made, the
following Search tab is automatically
opened with the online database selected
for searching.

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Steps to connect to an Online
Database
 Set the search strategy and click search button.
 EndNote sends the search request off to the selected
online database and a summary of the search results is
displayed
 The dialog displays the number of references that were
found to match your search request, and gives you the
option to retrieve them.

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How to Find and Retrieve Full Text
 The Find Full Text command can attempt to find full text
documents for up to 1000 records at a time.
 Select the reference(s) to which you want to add full text.
 From the References menu, choose Find Full Text > Find Full
Text
 use the default EndNote settings to search public sources that
do not require authentication for access.
 Full text downloading happens in the background, References
appear in groups under a Find Full Text group set.
 If you got DC, you may go to the References menu, select Find
Full Text and then Authenticate to restore access to the site.

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Import text files of references that have been
downloaded from online bibliographic databases
In this part you will learn about:
 Direct Export.
 Downloading data in a tagged output format.
 Selecting an import filter and importing data
into EndNote.

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Direct Export and Importing
 The information provider includes an option to save
directly to EndNote. You simply direct the references
to the appropriate EndNote library. The systems listed
on page 32-39 of help file provide instructions for
direct export of references into EndNote.
 When an information provider does not provide direct
export to EndNote.Save references from the
information provider to a text file in a tagged format.
Then, use the File>Import feature to select the tagged
text file for import, choose the appropriate import
filter, and then start the importing process. A list of
Information providers with downloading instructions
and import option is given on pages 27-31.

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Working with Output Styles
• Output Styles (or .ENS files) are sets of instructions that
tell EndNote how to format the bibliographic entries and
citations it creates from references in a library.
• Several hundred styles are included with EndNote;
however, when new versions of the styles you use are
released, you will need to download them from the
EndNote website.

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Checking the Output Style
To get information on a style:
 Click the Edit menu, select Output Styles, and then click
Open Style Manager. More than 4,500 styles are available.
 Scroll to the style you wish to use and click on the style
Inof./Preview button to show the information associated
with it.
 Check to see whether the style is the version you need or
otherwise.
 The Style Manager includes a Get More on the Web button to
easily locate and download individual styles. Or, you can
install entire categories of styles with the EndNote during its
installation.

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Applying an Output Style
To apply a style:
• Click the Current Style dropdown box located at the
top of the library window.
• If the style you want to use appears in the dropdown
list, choose it; otherwise, click Select Another Style
• In the Choose a Style dialog box, either scroll or use
the Quick Search box find the style you want, then
click the Choose button.

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Exporting Bibliographies
To export a formatted bibliography:
• If references in the Library window are selected,
the EndNote export dialog gives you the option of
exporting just those selected references.
• To export all of the references in the Library,
choose Show All References from the References
menu. If any references are selected, be sure to
uncheck the “Export Selected References” check
box in the export dialog.

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Cite While You Write Feature
CYWY Feature enables you to insert formatted citations and
build formatted lists of works cited within your documents
with a click of a button. Once EndNote is installed, the CWYW
tools appear in a toolbar at the top of the MS Word window,
like this:.
or Word 2003 displays C YWY commands on a Tools>EndNote
X4 submenu. Word 2007 displays Cite While You Write
commands on an EndNote tab.

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How to Cite While You Write with
MS Word
• Open the EndNote library or libraries that contain the references you wish
to cite.
• Start Microsoft Word and open the paper you are writing. position the
cursor in the text where you would like to put the citation.
• Word 2003 displays C YWY commands on a Tools>EndNote X4 submenu.
Word 2007 displays C YWY commands on an EndNote tab.
• Select “Find Citation(s)” on the toolbar, the following dialog appears.

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How to Cite While You Write with
MS Word
• Enter identifying text in the ‘Search box” This could be an
author’s last name, a year, a keyword, or any other combination
of terms found in the reference .
• Click Find and EndNote compares the identifying text to your
EndNote references and then lists the matching reference(s).
 Identify and highlight the appropriate reference(s).
 Use the Insert button triangle to display a menu, and select
from:
 Insert to insert the citation and format it as defined by the
currently selected output style
 Insert & Exclude Author, Insert & Exclude Year, Insert &
Exclude Author & Year
 Click Insert Instead the triangle to quickly Insert the desired
citations.

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Formatting a citation/ Bibliography
 When you have finished inserting citations in your paper. Keep your
document open in order to select a bibliographic style
 Use format bibliography option on the toolbar EndNote X4 submenu
The following Format Bibliography dialog appears where you can
change, or simply verify, the style and layout of the bibliography.
 Click Ok the EndNote will appends a bibliography to the end of
your paper.

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Formatting a citation/ Bibliography
 As you can see, there are other formatting options available here;
you can make changes that supersede the settings in the current
output style.
 Click the Browse button next to “With output style” to display the
list of output styles supplied with EndNote.
 Select the APA 6th style, and then click OK.
 Click OK to leave the Format Bibliography dialog EndNote
automatically updates the existing citations and regenerates the
bibliography in the APA style.

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Edit Individual Citation
• Highlight the citation and click on click Edit & Manage Citation's
from EndNote X4 submenu, and then Make desired changes on
the dialog box.
• Click OK to update the citation in your paper
• Select Remove citation from the edit reference triangle to delete
citation.

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Thank you for your patience

Reference citation styles p

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