This document discusses referencing and the APA style of referencing. It covers the importance of referencing in research, identifying the APA style, and writing a reference list. The objectives are to recognize the importance of referencing, identify the APA style, and write a reference list. It discusses referencing to avoid plagiarism and give credit to other authors. The APA style format for references is also covered.

1. ENG 605/4221
SALMA NIAZI
1
Research
Methodology
Referencing

2. OVERVIEW
The lecture will cover the following topic:
• Referencing in writing a research report.
• APA style of referencing

3. Learning Objectives
At the conclusion of this lecture students will be able to:
•Recognize the importance of Referencing in research
• Identify the APA style of Referencing
•write a reference list
3

4. REFERENCING
Referencing indicates that research is not done in vacuum but
build on authentic grounds.
A referencing style is a set of rules telling you how to
acknowledge the thoughts, ideas and works of others in a
particular way.
Referencing is a crucial part of successful academic writing,
avoiding plagiarism.

5. PURPOSE OF THE REFERENCE LIST
• A reference list lists only the sources you refer to in your writing.
The purpose of the reference list is to allow your sources to be found
by your reader.
• It also gives credit to authors you have consulted for their ideas and is
key to your assignments and research.

6. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
Referencing...
Is crucial to successful research
 Helps the reader to find the original source if they wish
 Improves your writing skills
 Adds authenticity to your argument
 Shows that you have read widely
 Can help you to get better marks.

7. APA (American Psychological Association)
APA (American Psychological Association) style and where to find help with
different APA resources. It provides an annotated list of links to all of our
APA materials and an APA overview. It is an excellent place to start to learn
about APA format.
APA Formatting and Style Guide
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to
cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the
6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the
general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes,
and the reference page. For more information, please consult thePublication
Manual of the American Psychological Associatio.

8. Last name ,Initial.(Year).Title of the book,city
,Publisher
APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials;
publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The
title of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and
proper nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title
case, and is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also
italicized.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of
article.Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.
http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy

9. Format of references
• Author, A. A. (1996). Title of journal article. Title of journal, volume
number, first page-last page.
• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1996). Title of journal article:
Subtitle of journal article. Title of journal, volume number, first page-
last page.
• Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1996). Title of journal
article. Title of journal: Subtitle of journal, volume number (issue
number), first page-last page.

10. References
• Creswell, J. W. (2002). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative,
and Mixed Methods Approaches. London: Sage Publication
• Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Keithmorrison (2005). Research Methods in
Education. London: Taylor & Francis group publishers.
• Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational research planning, conducting and
evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. America: Pearson.