This document provides an overview of bibliographies and referencing. It defines a bibliography as an orderly list of sources used in a research project. The document outlines different types of bibliographies, such as analytical and enumerative bibliographies. It also discusses the typical elements included in a bibliography like author, title, date, and publisher. Common bibliography formats are described, including APA, Chicago, and MLA styles. The key difference between a bibliography and references is explained, where references are the specific sources cited while a bibliography lists all sources reviewed.

1. Bibliography and
references
PRESENTED BY
SRINIVASA.V
RESEARCH SCHOLAR
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
BUB

2. contents
*What is a Bibliography
*Types of Bibliographies
*Elements in bibliography
*Formats of bibliography
*Difference between reference and bibliography
*Conclusion

3. What is a Bibliography
*bibliography a science of the transmission of literary documents
*A bibliography is an orderly list of resources on a particular subject
*A bibliography provides the full reference information for all the
sources which you may have consulted in preparing a particular project
*The purpose of a bibliography is to allow the reader to trace the sources
used

4. Types of Bibliographies
1)Analytical Bibliography
2)Enumerative (Systematic) Bibliography
3)Bibliographies for Non-book Sources

5. Analytical Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is a the study of books as physical objects like list of citations to
books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief descriptive and evaluative
paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the
relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited. Analytical bibliography may deal with the
history of printers and booksellers, with the description of paper or bindings, or with textual
matters arising during the progression from writer’s manuscript to published book
Enumerative (Systematic) Bibliography
Systematic or enumerative bibliography may be defined as the preparation of lists of books in
short, the compilation of bibliographies which list describe and arrange all graphic materials
according to their affinity with each other for reference or study.

6. 1)Analytical Bibliography
*Descriptive (Physical) Bibliography
*Historical Bibliography
*Textual Bibliography
2)Enumerative (Systematic) Bibliography
*Serial Bibliography
*Current Bibliography
*Period Bibliography
3)Bibliographies for Non-book Sources
*Discography
*Webography (Webliography) or Internet Bibliography
*Filmography

7. Elements in bibliography
*Author
*Title of document
*Date ( year of publication)
*Place of publication
*Edition
*Periodicity (volume/ issue/ part number)
*Series

8. Formats of bibliography
1. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association(APA)
2. Chicago Manual of Style(CBE)
3. Modern language Association(MLA)

9. Referencing in APA, Chicago and MLA for books – Examples
APA
Darwin, C. (2006). On the origin of species: By means of natural selection. New York: Dover
Publications.
Chicago Manual of Style
Darwin, Charles. 2006. On the origin of species: By means of natural selection. New York:
Dover Publications.
MLA
Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species: By means of natural selection. New York: Dover
Publications, 2006.

10. Chicago Manual of Style
For a Book
Author(last name first).Title of the book, City: Publisher, Date of publication
Example
Godin, Seth. Purple cow: Transform your business by being Remarkable. New York: Upper Saddle
River, 2002.
For an Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia Title, Edition Date. Volume Number, "Article Title," page numbers
The Encyclopedia Britannica 1997, Volume 7, “Gorillas,” pp 51-55.
For a magazine
Author (last name first), "Article Title." Name of magazine. Volume number, (Date): page
numbers.
Example
Jordan, Jennifer, “Filming on top of the world.” Museum of Science Magazine. Volume 7 (winter
1998) pp-1

11. REFERENCE
the detailed description of the document
from which you have obtained your
information. Referencing is a way of
demonstrating that you have done that
reading.

12. Reference Vs. Bibliography
*The terms References and Bibliography are often used same, but there is a
difference in meaning between them.
*References are the items you have read and specifically referred to (or cited) in
your work, and your list of sources at the end of the assignment will be headed
References.
*Bibliography is a list of everything you read -whether or not you referred
specifically to it .
* A bibliography can give a tutor an overview of which authors have influenced
your ideas and arguments even if you do not specifically refer to them.

13. Why do we need reference?
*To acknowledge others works
*To allow others (readers) to find the original sources easily (cited reference)
*To get recognition & authentication of the work.
*To make the work informative. (Quality)
*To trace the intellectual development of the ideas you present.

14. Source of References
*Book
*Journal
*Newspaper / magazine
*Conference paper/proceedings
*Institutional / Government publication
*Electronic sources- Website, CD-ROM, Databases
Theses/ Reports/ unpublished works etc.

15. Some basics
*Work by Three to Five Authors:
List all the authors the first time you cite the source. (Kernis, Cornell, Sun,
Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
In subsequent citations, (Kernis et al., 1993)
*Organization as an Author:
If the author is an organization or a government agency, According to the
American Psychological Association (2000),...
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation
First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000) Second
citation: (MADD, 2000)

16. Continued.....
*Two or More Works (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
Authors With the Same Last Name:
use first initials (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)
*Personal Communication:
For interviews, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication,
cite the communicator's name and the date of the
communication. E.g.
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

17. Summary
*Referencing are important part of research work.
*It is a way of acknowledging others work and helps to avoid plagiarism.
*There are several referencing style manuals.
*Which style to follow depends on the field of research and university guidelines
The most important thing is to be consistent with a particular referencing styles.
*There are several referencing tools and software available (which makes things
simpler!) but still manual checking for their correctness is necessary.

18. References
1 MacCulloch, D. (1996). Thomas Cranmer: process in bibliography: Yale
University Press.
2 United bibliography stylebook: The authoritative handbook for writers,
editors, and news directors (3rd ed.). (1992). Lincolnwood, Il: National.
3 Rangachri. (Ed.). (1996). The new catalog in references and utility
(3rd ed.). 332-335
4 Introduction to bibliography and phases of research.,G.K.Ranganath

19. Thank you