Research Methods vs Research MethodologySundar B N
This ppt elaborate Research Methods vs Research Methodology which covers Research Methods Versus Methodology, Research Methods, Research Methodology, Difference Between Research Methods and Methodology.
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Research Methods vs Research MethodologySundar B N
This ppt elaborate Research Methods vs Research Methodology which covers Research Methods Versus Methodology, Research Methods, Research Methodology, Difference Between Research Methods and Methodology.
Subscribe to Vision Academy for Video assistance
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
MEANING OF RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH
RESEARCH MOTIVATIONS
TYPES OF RESEARCH
PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH
RESEARCH APPROACHES
RESEARCH PROCESS
LITERATURE REVIEW
HYPOTHESIS
CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHER
Research proposal
704 _Quantitative Research Methods in LIS
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
M.Phil. (scholar)
Roll no 14
Contents
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research
Component of research proposal
1-title
2-introduction
3-statement of the problem
4-review of related literature
5-Hypothesis
6-purpose /objective of study
7- work plane
8-Method, research design, sample.
9-Refrences
common error in research proposal
Evaluation of research proposal
What is research?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is proposal?
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration by others.
A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44).
Definition of research proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program,
It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Importance of research proposal
Helps examine what the researcher intends to do.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Research proposals can be effective starting places to discuss projects with your professors, too.
The research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method.
Advantages of research proposal
Fund to support your research
Allow you to review and critically evaluate your current research program
Convince yourself and others that your research is worth supporting
Keep you focused on your research program
Develop novel ideas during writing proposal.
Relationship of research proposal with research
Research proposal is a plan, and research is action.
Research proposal is compulsory for approving proposed research.
Research proposal is a schedule and research is activity.
Research proposal is a mirror of research
Research proposal is a blue print of research.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Types of research proposal
There are two major types of research proposal;
Academic:
• An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
Non-academ
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
Introduction to Citations and ReferencingKee-Man Chuah
This is the introductory part of the unit on citations and referencing, which are important for academic writing. The style used is APA.
Note: Reference list for the materials used in the slights is provided upon request.
MEANING OF RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH
QUALITIES OF GOOD RESEARCH
RESEARCH MOTIVATIONS
TYPES OF RESEARCH
PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH
RESEARCH APPROACHES
RESEARCH PROCESS
LITERATURE REVIEW
HYPOTHESIS
CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY RESEARCHER
Research proposal
704 _Quantitative Research Methods in LIS
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
M.Phil. (scholar)
Roll no 14
Contents
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research
Component of research proposal
1-title
2-introduction
3-statement of the problem
4-review of related literature
5-Hypothesis
6-purpose /objective of study
7- work plane
8-Method, research design, sample.
9-Refrences
common error in research proposal
Evaluation of research proposal
What is research?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is proposal?
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration by others.
A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44).
Definition of research proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program,
It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Importance of research proposal
Helps examine what the researcher intends to do.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Research proposals can be effective starting places to discuss projects with your professors, too.
The research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method.
Advantages of research proposal
Fund to support your research
Allow you to review and critically evaluate your current research program
Convince yourself and others that your research is worth supporting
Keep you focused on your research program
Develop novel ideas during writing proposal.
Relationship of research proposal with research
Research proposal is a plan, and research is action.
Research proposal is compulsory for approving proposed research.
Research proposal is a schedule and research is activity.
Research proposal is a mirror of research
Research proposal is a blue print of research.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Types of research proposal
There are two major types of research proposal;
Academic:
• An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
Non-academ
A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area. It documents the state of the art with respect to the subject or topic you are writing about. It surveys the literature in your chosen area of study.
Introduction to Citations and ReferencingKee-Man Chuah
This is the introductory part of the unit on citations and referencing, which are important for academic writing. The style used is APA.
Note: Reference list for the materials used in the slights is provided upon request.
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
I was asked to prepare a 20 minute mini-teach on referencing and produced this PowerPoint to make the point that when we reference properly we contribute to the Cathedral of Learning and pay tribute to generations of researcher and academics.
All about Academic Referencing - why, when & how to referenceSarah Sloan
An introduction to academic referencing - explaining why, when and how to reference in university/academic work. Examples are given for APA and Harvard style of referencing.
This slideshow offers audiences a complete and general understanding of different sorts of popular fashion styles namely Vintage, Punk, Elegant, Floral, Girlish, Boyish, Gothic, etc. (Including beautiful, high quality, relevant pictures with description.)
This slide is about reference and types of reference we used in articles journals and book.
there are around 7 types of reference which are used . and much more about it. Reference are use to reduce plagiarism and to give the credit to the original author. like harvard, vancouver, chicago,MLA, APA and much more
bibliography and references.
various kind of bibliography and references.
elements of bibliography and references.
sources of bibliography and references.
American Psychological Association (APA) styleFidaAli12
"A Comprehensive Guide to American Psychological Association (APA) Style: Navigating the Rules and Best Practices for Academic Writing"
Introduction:
The American Psychological Association (APA) style is a widely accepted and utilized format for academic writing in various disciplines, particularly in the social sciences. This comprehensive guide aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the APA style, offering a roadmap for writers to navigate its rules and best practices effectively. Whether you are a student, researcher, or academic professional, mastering APA style is essential for producing scholarly and well-organized documents.
Overview of APA Style:
The APA style, established by the American Psychological Association, is a set of guidelines designed to standardize the structure and formatting of academic papers. It encompasses a range of elements, including the title page, abstract, main body, citations, references, and more. The purpose of these guidelines is to ensure clarity, consistency, and proper attribution of sources, fostering a seamless flow of information within academic discourse.
Title Page and Formatting:
One of the first elements addressed in this guide is the title page. APA style dictates specific formatting rules for the title page, including the title itself, author information, institutional affiliation, and running head. Understanding these components is crucial for creating a professional and polished document.
Abstract and Main Body:
The guide delves into the intricacies of writing an abstract, a concise summary of the paper's key points. It outlines the essential elements of a well-constructed abstract and provides tips on how to capture the essence of your research effectively. Moving forward, the main body section is explored in detail, covering topics such as organizing content, using headings, and maintaining a logical flow in your narrative.
Citations and References:
APA style places significant emphasis on proper citation of sources to avoid plagiarism and give credit to original authors. This guide elucidates the intricacies of in-text citations, including the use of author-date format and the handling of direct quotations. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the references page, explaining the correct format for various source types, such as books, journal articles, and online resources.
Figures and Tables:
Visual elements like figures and tables play a crucial role in conveying complex information. The guide provides insights into the proper formatting and labeling of figures and tables, ensuring that they enhance rather than detract from the clarity of your message.
APA Style for Different Types of Documents:
Beyond the fundamentals, this guide addresses the specific requirements of various types of documents, including research papers, literature reviews, and case studies. It offers tailored advice on structuring these documents according to APA guidelines, catering to
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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2. Agenda ……
• Objective.
• What is reference style.
• Why to reference.
• Types of references.
• Different styles of writing reference.
A. Harvard style of referencing.
B. American Psychological Association style (APA) .
C. Vancouver style.
D. MLA citation style (modern language association).
E. The Chicago manual of style .
F. Royal society of chemistry style
• Conclusion
3. Objective …
• To study different styles of referencing used over the
world.
• To get the appropriate format of reference or presenting.
• To know the difference between different styles used.
• To support all significant statements.
• To know the origin of the work.
4. What is reference
style ????
• A referencing style is a specific format for presenting in-
text references (footnotes or endnotes),
and bibliography.
• It is a act of referring.
Reference :
• The action of mentioning or alluding to something or,
• The use of a source of information in order to ascertain
something.
5. Why to reference ???
• Proves that substantial research has been done to support
our analysis .
• Enables others to follow up on our work .
• Gives credit to other people's work .
• Avoids charges of plagiarism.
• Required to support all significant statements.
• Used to indicate the origin of material & source for research
& further reading.
6. Types of references
• Journal Reference
• Book Reference
• Internet Reference
Reference Elements
•Authors name
•Article title
•Journal name
•Year
•Volume
•Page numbers
7. Different styles of writing
references
• Harvard style of referencing.
• American Psychological Association style (APA) .
• Vancouver style.
• MLA citation style (modern language association ).
• The Chicago manual of style .
• Royal society of chemistry style.
8. Harvard style of
referencing…
• Author’s name followed by its initials.
• Year of publication.
• Article title with single quotation mark followed by full stop.
• Name of Journal in italic form.
• Volume followed by a comma
• Issue no. in bracket.
• Page no.
Example
1. Padda, J. (2003) ‘creative writing in coventry'. Journal of writing studies 3
(2), 44-59.
2. Lennernas, H. (1995) ‘Experimental estimation of the effective unstirred
water layer thickness in the human jejunum & its importance in oral drug
absorption’. Eur. J. pharm sci (3), 247-253.
9. Vancouver style.
• Author Surname followed by Initials.
• Title of article followed by double quotation.
• Title of journal (abbreviated).
• Date of Publication followed by double quotation.
• Volume Number.
• Issue Number in bracket.
• Page Number.
Example
1. Haas AN, Susin C, Albandar JM, et al. Azithromycin as a adjunctive
treatment of aggressive periodontitis: 12-months randomized clinical trial.
N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug; 35(8):696-704.
Vancouver Style does not use the full journal name, only the commonly-
used abbreviation: “New England Journal of Medicine” is cited as “N Engl J
Med”.
10. MLA citation style (modern
language association )
• Authors name.
• Title of article.
• Name of journal.
• Volume number followed by decimal & issue no.
• Year of publication.
• Page numbers.
• Medium of publication.
Example
1. Matarrita-Cascante, David. "Beyond Growth: Reaching Tourism-Led
Development." Annals of Tourism Research 37.4 (2010): 1141-63. Print
11. American Psychological
Association style
• Author’s name followed by its initials.
• Year of publication.
• Article title followed by full stop.
• Name of Journal in italic form
• Volume followed by a comma
• Page no.
Example
1. Alibali, M. W., Phillips, K. M., & Fischer, A. D. (2009). Learning
new problem-solving strategies leads to changes in problem
representation. Cognitive Development, 24, 89-101.
12. • Name of author.
• Article title in double quotation mark.
• Title of journal in italic.
• Volume.
• Year of publication.
• Page no.
Example
1. Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s ” Classical
Philology, 104 (2009): 440.
The Chicago manual of
style
13. Royal society of chemistry
style
• INITIALS. Author’s surname.
• Title of journal (abbreviated).
• Year of publication.
• Volume number.
• Pages no.
Example
H. Yano, K. Abe, M. Nogi, A. N. Nakagaito, J. Mater. Sci.,
2010, 45, 1–33.
14. Reference list – a list of sources we have
cited in our text arranged in the order they appeared within the
text. It is usually put at the end of our work but it can also appear as
a footnote (at the bottom of the page), or endnote (at the end of
each chapter) which serves a similar purpose.
Bibliography – a separate list of sources we have
consulted but not specifically cited in our work including
background reading. It is arranged alphabetically by the author's
surname.
Difference between
Reference List and
Bibliography
15. Conclusion
• We conclude that there are many standard style used for
referencing, we can use any one of them.
• It gives us a standard format of presenting or reference.
• Supports or significant statement and helps to know
origin of work.
• Plagiarism can be avoided.
16. Reference
• Art Of Writing & Publishing In Pharmaceutical Journals By Ajay
Semalty, Shaiiendra K. Saraf, Mona Semalty, Shubhini A. Saraf,
Ranjit Singh, 1st Edition: Pharma Book Syndicate, Hyderabad, Pg.
No. 80.
• Library Services Help Sheet, London South Bank University, Perry
Library & Learning Resources Pg. No. 2.
• Different Style Of Writing References In A Research Report By
Caryn Anderson.
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