The document defines a bibliography and annotated bibliography and provides examples of their formats. A bibliography is a list of sources used in a work, while an annotated bibliography includes a brief description of each source. The document outlines APA style guidelines for bibliographies, including formatting citations with hanging indents and references in alphabetical order. It also provides examples of citing different source types such as books, articles, websites and encyclopedias. For annotated bibliographies, each citation is followed by a 150-word paragraph evaluation.
This presentation is useful for all who are preparing their projects in colleges. This presentation helps you in giving proper reference of data source.
This presentation is useful for all who are preparing their projects in colleges. This presentation helps you in giving proper reference of data source.
Are you putting together a literature review or a works cited for your scholarly work? Are you unclear about how to cite your sources? Check out this presentation to learn about the many different style manuals, what they are used for, and why they are so important for avoiding plagiarism!
What is bibliography? At its most basic sense, it is a list of books. They are helpful tools in libraries and library work. We must be familiar with them.
1. Reference Writing Style
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
3. APA Style of Citation
4. APA Bibliography Style
5. Research Reference Writing
6. Academic Research
4. APA
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
Are you putting together a literature review or a works cited for your scholarly work? Are you unclear about how to cite your sources? Check out this presentation to learn about the many different style manuals, what they are used for, and why they are so important for avoiding plagiarism!
What is bibliography? At its most basic sense, it is a list of books. They are helpful tools in libraries and library work. We must be familiar with them.
1. Reference Writing Style
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
3. APA Style of Citation
4. APA Bibliography Style
5. Research Reference Writing
6. Academic Research
4. APA
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
1
AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
APA
GUIDE TO WRITING RESEARCH
PAPERS
How to Write a Research Paper
MONROE COLLEGE LIBRARY
Revised Sixth Edition
2
Glossary
Citation is the proper format of your sources information that belong on your Reference
page.
et al: In Latin means “and others” it’s used especially in referring to academic books or
articles that have more than one author.
Hanging Indent: All lines after the first line of each citation on your reference page should
be indented one-half inch from the left margin.
An in-text citation provides the information (quote/paraphrase) from a source in the body
of your paper.
Paraphrase: Where you rewrite part or all of someone else’s idea/information in your own
words.
Quote: If you copy word for word (verbatim) information from a source you must put the
information in “ ” (quotation marks).
A Reference(s) page is the last page of your paper where all the sources you have cited in
your paper are listed.
A source is the book/article/etc. you have used to help create your paper.
URL: Uniform (or Universal) Resource Locator is the address of the web page.
A Webpage is a single page that contains information on a topic.
A Website has a number of webpages that are connected by links.
A research paper requires time spent investigating and evaluating sources with the intent to offer
interpretations of the texts and a unique perspective on the topic at hand. It is the final product of the
following:
Research
Source evaluation
Critical thinking
Organization
Composition
Avoiding plagiarism
RESEARCH
Primary Sources are:
Diaries and autobiographies
Letters, historical documents, speeches and oral histories
Eye-witness accounts from newspapers
Raw data from questionnaires or interviews
Observations or experiments
Secondary Sources are:
Criticism
Biographies
Historical Analysis
Articles and case studies
3
SOURCE EVALUATION
Is the source useful?
Is it current?
Is it from a well-respected source?
Is the research up to date?
Take notes:
Summarize briefly restate in your own words the main ideas of the passage or article.
Paraphrase restate in your own word, in detail, the key ideas of the source.
Quoting use the source’s unique words surrounded by quote marks, “ ”, and record the source
and page.
Note down the information you will need for the MLA/APA citation.
Assemble a working bibliography: start a list of your sources that includes the title, author,
publication information and date for each source.
CRITICAL THINKING
Evaluate and interpret the ideas explored in sources and convey ideas of your own.
Synthesize sources: make sense of your sources by integrating information from two or more
sources to show how the ideas are similar or different.
Fine-tune your thesis or topic.
ORGANIZATIO.
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2. General Definition:
List of books, magazines, articles,etc. relating to a particular subject,
period, or author.
The history, identification, or description of writings or publications .
A bibliography is a list, that goes at the end of a work of research
writing , that lists all the sources utilized in the paper.
Preparing bibliographies helps researchers keep track of the sources
they consulted or cited for their written material and gives readers a
framework of how the writers' arguments were formed.
The most important element of a research paper.
3. APA Style Definition:
American Psychological Association
Is most commonly used to cite sources within the social
sciences that is revised according to the 6th Edition
is widely accepted in the social sciences and other fields, such
as education, business, and nursing
requires parenthetical citations within the text rather than
endnotes or footnotes
Citations in the text provide brief information, usually the name
of the author and the date of publication, to lead the reader to
the source of information in the reference list at the end of the
paper.
4. Basic Bibliography
Standard Formats
1. Basics
a. End or new page with the centered title, References.
b. Alphabetize the entries in your list by the author’s last
name,
if the author’s name is unknown, alphabetize by the
title, ignoring A, An or The.
c. For dates, spell out the names of months in the text of
your paper.
5. Basic Bibliography
Standard Formats
2. Underlining or italics
a. name of the publications must be underline or italics
3.Hanging Indentations
a. APA citations should use hanging indents, that is, the
first line of an entry should be flush left, in the second and
the subsequent lines should be indented ½’’.
6. Basic Bibliography Standard Formats
4.Capitalization, Abbreviation and Punctuations
a. Sentence-style capitalization, title italicized.
b. More than one author, use an ampersand (&)
before the name of the last author; if there are more
than six authors, list only the first one and use et al.
for the rest.
c. place the date of publication in parenthesis ()
immediately after the name of the author, place a
period after the closing parenthesis.
7. Format Examples
1.Books
Author’s last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book
title. Additional information. City of Publication: Publishing
company.
Example:
Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North
America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic
Society.
8. Format Examples
2. Encyclopedia and Dictionary
Author’s last name, first initial. (Date). Title of Article. Title
of Encyclopedia. (Volume, Pages).City of Publication:
Publishing Company.
Example:
Bergamann, P.G. (1993). Relativity. In The New
Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).
Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
9. Format Examples
3. Magazines & Newspapers Articles
Author’s last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article
title. Periodical Title, volume number (issue number if
available), inclusive pages.
Example:
Kanfer, S.(1986, July 21). Heard any good
books lately?Time, 113, 71-72.
10. Format Examples
4.Website or Webpage
Online periodical :
Author’s name. (Date of Publication). Title of
Article. Title of Periodical, volume number,
retrieved month day, year, from full URL.
11. Format Examples
For Online document:
Author’s name. (Date of Publication). Title of Work.
Retrieved month day, year, from full URL.
Example
Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The
Electronic Text Center. Retrieved June 19,
1998, from Alderman Library, University of
Virginia Website:
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html
12. Annotated Bibliography
Is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents.
Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150
words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the
annotation.
The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of
the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.
Link: guides.library.cornell.edu/annotatedbibliography
13. Basic APA Style Format
for an Annotated Bibliography
1.Double space the entire bibliography, including within
the citations and annotations.
2.Hanging Indents are required for citations in the
bibliography. The first line of the citation starts at the left
margin. Subsequent lines of the citation are indented 4
spaces.
3. At the end of the citation, press the Return Key to drop
down to the next line(double spaced).Do not add a blank
line.
14. Basic APA Style Format
for an Annotated Bibliography
4. The annotation is indented as a block, 2
additional spaces.
5. The right margin is the normal right margin of
your document.
6.In a long bibliography, organize your entries by
topic.