This document provides information about citation and references. It defines citation as acknowledging the source of ideas and references as a detailed list of sources. It explains the difference between citations, which are used within the body of text, and references, which are included at the end. Examples are given of citing sources in different positions within a sentence and of formatting references in both APA and Harvard styles. Key sources that discuss citation, referencing, and the differences between them are also listed.

1. An Assignment on
Citation and References
Course Title: Research Methodology
Course Code: DS 3105
SUBMITTED TO:
Md. Hasan Howlader
Assistant Professor
Development Studies Discipline
Khulna University
Khulna, 9208
SUBMITTED BY:
Md. Ayatullah Khan
Student ID: 152119
3rd Year; 1st Term
Development Studies Discipline
Khulna University
Khulna, 9208
Date of Submission: October 31, 2017

2. What is Citation?
A "citation" is the way to tell the reader that certain material in a work came from another
source. It also gives the reader necessary information to find that source again including:
 information about the author
 the title of the work
 the name and location of the company that published the copy of the source
 the date of the copy was published
 the page numbers of the material that are borrowing
(Anonymous, 2017).
For example:
There are many law-enforcing agencies work all over the world to protect child right.
However, these laws are not able to protect the right of child labor completely (Blanchet,
2001).
What is Reference?
Reference is the detailed description of the document from which the information has
obtained.
A reference is required if anyone:
• quote (use someone else’s exact words)
• copy (use figures, tables or structure)
• paraphrase (convert someone else’s ideas into your own words)
• summarize (use a brief account of someone else’s ideas)
(Harvard author-date referencing guide, 2007).
For example:
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age
International.

3. Difference between Citation and Reference
According to (Koshal, 2015) difference between citation and reference are as followed-
Citation Reference
1. A citation is the way to quote the
source of the ideas within the body of
the research paper.
1. Reference is the detailed description of
the document from which the
information has obtained.
2. Citation is known as citation in any
format.
2. List of reference that appears at the end
of an APA paper is known as
References. List of reference that
appears at the end of a MLA paper is
known as Works Cited.
3. Citation is included at the places
wherever you quote from different
authors.
3. References are included at the end of
every chapter of a thesis or towards the
end of the thesis.
4. The purpose of citation lies in the fact
that is willfully acknowledging the
writer of the work from the quotation
has borrowed.
4. The purpose of reference is only to let
the reader of the thesis know the various
books from where the quotation has
borrowed, from the list at the end.
5. For example: There are many law-
enforcing agencies work all over the
world to protect child right. However,
these laws are not able to protect the
right of child labor completely
(Blanchet, 2001).
5. For example: Kothari, C. R. (2004).
Research methodology: Methods and
techniques. New Age International.
Citation at the beginning, middle and end of a sentence
Citation at the beginning of a sentence:
(Cowie, 1996) suggests that unlike capitalism, socialism promotes the good of the whole
before the good of the individual.
Citation at the middle of a sentence:
Reflective writing has been shown to aid students’ understanding of their learning (Lorenzi et
al., 2004), as well as developing other study skills.
Citation at the end of a sentence:
Recent research indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is increasing
(Arrami & Garner, 2008).

4. Reference System (APA and Harvard)
American Psychological
Association (APA) Harvard
Book
One Author:
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research
methodology: Methods and
techniques. New Age International.
Two Author:
Samuelson, P., & Nordhaus, W.
(1985). Principles of
economics. McCraw-liill, New York,
any edition.
Three Author:
Alred, G. J., Brusaw, C. T., & Oliu,
W. E. (2011). The business writer's
handbook. Macmillan.
One Author:
Kothari, C.R., 2004. Research
methodology: Methods and techniques.
New Age International.
Two Author:
Samuelson, P. and Nordhaus, W., 1985.
Principles of economics. McCraw-liill,
New York, any edition.
Three Author:
Alred, G.J., Brusaw, C.T. and Oliu,
W.E., 2011. The business writer's
handbook. Macmillan.
Journal
Articles
One Author:
Herrington, A. J. (1985). Classrooms
as forums for reasoning and
writing. College Composition and
Communication, 36(4), 404-413.
Two Author:
Peterson, J., & Schmidt, A. (1999).
Widening the horizons for secondary
schools. Journal of Secondary
Education, 3(8), 89-106.
Three Author:
Mueller, J. K., Heckathorn, S. A., &
Fernando, D. (2003). Identification of
a chloroplast dehydrin in leaves of
mature plants. International journal
of plant sciences, 164(4), 535-542.
One Author:
Herrington, A.J., 1985. Classrooms as
forums for reasoning and
writing. College Composition and
Communication, 36(4), pp.404-413.
Two Author:
Peterson, J. and Schmidt, A., 1999.
Widening the horizons for secondary
schools. Journal of Secondary
Education, 3(8), pp.89-106.
Three Author:
Mueller, J.K., Heckathorn, S.A. and
Fernando, D., 2003. Identification of a
chloroplast dehydrin in leaves of mature
plants. International journal of plant
sciences, 164(4), pp.535-542.

5. Web Sites
No Author:
Mongolia. (December 5, 2016).
Retrieved from
https://travel.state.gov/content/passpo
rts/en/country/mongolia.html
One Author:
Satalkar, B. (2010). Water aerobics.
Retrieved July 15, 2010 from
http://www.buzzle.com
Two Author:
Glotzer, R., & Federlein, A. (2007).
Miles that bind: Commuter marriage
and family strength. Michigan Family
Review, 12, 7-31. Retrieved June 22,
2009, from
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/te
xtidx?c=mfr;cc=mfr;q1=Miles%20th
at%20Bind;rgn=main;view=text;idno
=4919087.0012.102
Three Author:
Simons, N. E., Menzies, B., & Matthews, M.
(2001). A Short Course in Soil and Rock
Slope Engineering. [Online] London,
Thomas Telford. Retrieved June 18, 2008,
from http://www.myilibrary.com?ID=93941
No Author:
European Space Agency. (2008) ESA:
Missions, Earth Observation:
ENVISAT. [Online] Available from:
http://envisat.esa.int/ [Accessed 3rd
July 2008].
One Author:
Beard, M 2006, The fall of the Roman
Republic, viewed 30 January 2011,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/ro
mans/fallofromanrepublic_article_01.sh
tml>.
Two Author:
Glotzer, R. & Federlein, A. (2007)
Miles that bind: Commuter marriage
and family strength. Michigan Family
Review, 12, 7-31. Available from:
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/texti
dx?c=mfr;cc=mfr;q1=Miles%20that%2
0Bind;rgn=main;view=text;idno=49190
87.0012.102
[Accessed 22th June 2009]
Three Author:
Simons, N. E., Menzies, B. & Matthews, M.
(2001) A Short Course in Soil and Rock Slope
Engineering. [Online] London, Thomas Telford
Publishing. Available from:
http://www.myilibrary.com?ID=93941
[Accessed 18th June 2008].

6. References:
What is citation? (May 18, 2017). Retrieved from http://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is-
citation
Koshal. (2015). Difference Between Citation and Reference. Retrieved February 17, 2015,
from http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-citation-and-vs-reference/
Study & Learning Centre, RMIT. (2007). Referencing- APA. Retrieved from
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/1_studyskills/study_tuts/apa_ll/apa.html
American Psychological Association. (2008). Frequently asked questions. Retrieved June 17,
2008, from http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html.
Division of Teaching & Learning Services, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton,
Queensland. (2007). Harvard (author-date) referencing guide.
Harvard citation style: Journal Articles. (Sep 27, 2017). Retrieved from
http://guides.library.uwa.edu.au/c.php?g=380288&p=2575702