Introduction to Citations and ReferencingKee-Man Chuah
This is the introductory part of the unit on citations and referencing, which are important for academic writing. The style used is APA.
Note: Reference list for the materials used in the slights is provided upon request.
This presentation is useful for all who are preparing their projects in colleges. This presentation helps you in giving proper reference of data source.
Introduction to Citations and ReferencingKee-Man Chuah
This is the introductory part of the unit on citations and referencing, which are important for academic writing. The style used is APA.
Note: Reference list for the materials used in the slights is provided upon request.
This presentation is useful for all who are preparing their projects in colleges. This presentation helps you in giving proper reference of data source.
APA Referencing and Citation Guide How to Write in APA FormatMyAssignmenthelp.com
Want to learn how to use APA referencing style in academic papers? Go through the guidelines of APA (6th Edition) format to acknowledge the sources of ideas used. For more info visit: https://myassignmenthelp.com/blog/apa-referencing-and-citation-guide-how-to-write-in-apa-format/
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
1. Reference Writing Style
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
3. APA Style of Citation
4. APA Bibliography Style
5. Research Reference Writing
6. Academic Research
4. APA
Some important Referencing Style used in researchmainly four type referencing styles are explained in this presentation. Chicago, MLA, APA,and AIP. In-text citation and refrencing style both are explained here with the help of format and by giving examples.
“Writing Styles” workshop introduces the idea that a specific writing style provides the writers with the rules they need to produce a research paper that conforms to its standards.For those who want to complete their post-graduate studies, it is a good idea to buy the style manual accepted by the majority of their department members. You have to make sure that you get the most recent edition.
Each style manual has many, many rules, most of which you do not need to learn in detail. When preparing to write your research paper, you have to refer to your style manual so many times to make sure that you are following its standards.
In this workshop, we are going to concentrate upon APA.
APA Referencing and Citation Guide How to Write in APA FormatMyAssignmenthelp.com
Want to learn how to use APA referencing style in academic papers? Go through the guidelines of APA (6th Edition) format to acknowledge the sources of ideas used. For more info visit: https://myassignmenthelp.com/blog/apa-referencing-and-citation-guide-how-to-write-in-apa-format/
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
1. Reference Writing Style
2. American Psychological Association (APA)
3. APA Style of Citation
4. APA Bibliography Style
5. Research Reference Writing
6. Academic Research
4. APA
Some important Referencing Style used in researchmainly four type referencing styles are explained in this presentation. Chicago, MLA, APA,and AIP. In-text citation and refrencing style both are explained here with the help of format and by giving examples.
“Writing Styles” workshop introduces the idea that a specific writing style provides the writers with the rules they need to produce a research paper that conforms to its standards.For those who want to complete their post-graduate studies, it is a good idea to buy the style manual accepted by the majority of their department members. You have to make sure that you get the most recent edition.
Each style manual has many, many rules, most of which you do not need to learn in detail. When preparing to write your research paper, you have to refer to your style manual so many times to make sure that you are following its standards.
In this workshop, we are going to concentrate upon APA.
An interactive deliverable created to teach the basics of APA 6. The module uses the Dick and Carey approach to instructional design in a PowerPoint format. .
American Psychological Association (APA) [Bibliography Writing]Teresa Mae Garcia
American Psychological Association (APA)
Bibliography Writing
If you are going to grab this presentation kindly acknowledge me as the creator of this presentation. Thank you!
Created by Larry Treadwell. You can find the accompanying video on the library's tutorials page: http://www.stu.edu/lib/Research/CitationStyleManuals/Tutorials/tabid/3872/Default.aspx
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Introduction to APA Style
The following information is
based on:
1). The American Psychological
Association’s Concise Rules of APA Style;
2). The APA’s Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, (Fifth
Edition).
3. Creating the “References” List
In APA style essays, all works cited in in-
text citations in the body paragraphs are
identified in an alphabetical list of
“References.”
This list of “References” is then included
as the last page of the document.
4. The APA System:
In most social science classes, you will be asked to use
the APA system for documenting sources. APA
recommends in-text citations that refer readers to a list
of references:
If the in-text citation looks like this:
Yanovski and Yanovski (2002) reported that “the
current state ofthe treatment for obesity is similar to
the state of the treatmentof hypertension several
decades ago” (p. 600).
The References entry will look like this:
Yanovski, S. Z. & Yanovski, J. A. (2002). Drug
therapy: Obesity[Electronic version]. The New
England Journal of Medicine,346, 591-602.
5. Most References entries
follow this basic pattern:
Article in a Journal:
Author last name, Author first name. (Year). Title of
article. Title of Journal, volume number, page
number range.
Article in a Book:
Author last name, Author first name. (Year). Title of
Book. State of Publication: Name of Publisher.
6. Article from a Library Database:
Author name/s as above. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Journal, vol.#(issue#), page range. Retrieved by Month,
Date, Year, from Database Name (Document#).
7.
8.
9. Some Formatting Notes:
Holliday, R. E., & Hayes, B. K. (2001). Dissociating
automatic andintentional processes in
eyewitness memory. Journal ofExperimental
Child Psychology, 75(1), 1-5. Retrieved
February 21,2001, from Expanded Academic
ASAP database (A59317972).
Article, chapter, Poem, and
story titles are written in lower
case without italics or
quotation marks.
Journal and
Book Titles
are
italicized.
Document #
provided only
when available.
URL’s aren’t provided for
library database sources.
10. A Quick Note About In-text Citations:
(How Often Do I Cite the Same Source Within a Paragraph?)
•Within a paragraph, you don't need to repeat
the year or other elements of the in-text citation
as long as the reference cannot be confused
with other cited sources (or for your own
thinking);
•If you cite a source in one paragraph and then
refer to the same text again in the next, it’s best
to re-cite it, so as to avoid confusion;
•When in doubt, cite. Better to cite too often than
too little (although you are not required to
provide in-text citations for A2).
11. Also, About In-text Citations:
•If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT
directly quoting the material, or making reference to an
entire book, article or other work, you only have to make
reference to the author and year of publication in your in-
text reference.
•If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you
only have to make reference to the author and year of
publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines
encourage you to also provide the page number (although it
is not required.)
•If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to
include the author, year of publication, and the page number
for the reference.
12. Formatting Sources
for which URL’s are Included:
Ashe, D. D., & McCutcheon, L. E. (2001). Shyness,
loneliness, andattitude toward celebrities. Current
Research in Social Psychology,6(9). Retrieved July
3, 2001, from http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/
crisp.6.9.htm
Unlike MLA
Style, entries
with URL’s do
not end in
periods.
The URL follows
the “Retrieved”
by date directly
after a comma.
13. General Guidelines for Listing Authors:
•Alphabetize entries in the list of references by
authors last names;
•If a work has no author, alphabetize it by its
title;
• The first element of each entry is important
because citations in the text of the paper refer
to it and readers will be looking for it in the
alphabetized list. Make sure the first element of
each entry corresponds with your in-text
citations;
•The date of publication appears immediately
after the first element of the citation.
14. Examples:
NAME AND DATE CITED IN TEXT:
Duncan (2001) has reported that . . .
BEGINNING OF ENTRY IN THE LIST
OF REFERENCES:
Duncan, B. (2001).
15. BEGINNING ENTRIES WITH MULTIPLE
AUTHORS:
•List up to six authors by last names followed by
initials.
•Use an ampersand (&) between the names of two
authors or, if there are more than two authors,
before the name of the last author:
DuNann, D. W., & Koger, S. M. (2004).
Sloan, F. A., Stout, E. M., Whetten-Goldstein,
K., & Liang, L. (2000).
•If there are more than six authors, list the first six
and “et al.” (meaning “and others”) to indicate that
there are others.
16. BEGINNING ENTRY WITH ORGANIZATION AS
AUTHOR:
When the author is an organization, begin with
the name of the organization:
American Psychiatric Association. (2003).
BEGINNING ENTRY WHEN AUTHOR IS
UNKNOWN:
Begin the entry with the work’s title.
Again, titles of books and journals are
italicized; Titles of articles are neither italicized
nor put in quotation marks:
Oxford essential world atlas. (2001).
Omega-3 fatty acids. (2004, November
23).
17. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR:
Use the author’s name for all entries. List the entries
by year, the earliest first.
Schlechty, P. C. (1997).
Schlechty, P. C. (2001).
TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR
IN THE SAME YEAR:
List the works alphabetically by title. In the
parentheses, following the year, add “a,” “b,” c,” etc.
Use these same letters when giving the year in the
in-text citation.
Durgin, P. A. (2003a). At-risk behaviors in children.
Durgin, P. A. (2003b). Treating obesity with
psychotherapy.
18. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY
VOLUME:
After the italicized title of the journal, give the
volume number (also italicized), followed by the
page numbers:
Morawski, J. (2000). Social psychology a
century ago. AmericanPsychologist, 55,
1427-1431.
ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY
ISSUE:
When each issue of a journal begins with page 1,
include the issue number in parentheses after the
volume number. Italicize the volume number but
not the issue number.
Smith, S. (2003). Government and nonprofits
in the modern age.Society, 40(4), 36-45.
19. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE:
In addition to the year of publication, list the month
and, for weekly magazines, the day. If there is a
volume number, include it (italicized) after the title.
Raloff, J. (2001, May 12). Lead therapy won’t
help most kids. ScienceNews, 15, 292.
ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER:
Begin with the name of the author followed by the
exact date of publication. Page numbers are
introduced with “p.” (or “pp.”).
Lohr, S. (2004, December 3). Health care
technology is a promiseunfinanced. The
New York Times, p. C5.
20. BASIC FORMAT FOR A BOOK:
Begin with the author’s name, followed by the date
and the book’s title;
End with the place of publication and the name of the
publisher;
Take the information about the book from its title
page and copyright page;
If more than one place of publication is given, use
only the first; if more than one date is given, use the
most recent one.
Example:
Highmore, B. (2001). Everyday life and cultural
theory. New York:Routledge.
21. BOOK WITH AN EDITOR:
For a book with an editor but no authorFor a book with an editor but no author, begin with the
name of the editor (or editors) followed by the
abbreviation “Ed.” (or “Eds.”) in parentheses:
Bronfen, E., & Kavka, M. (Eds.). (2001). Feminist
consequences: Theoryfor a new century. New
York: Columbia University Press.
For a book with an author and an editorFor a book with an author and an editor, begin with the
author’s name. Give the editor’s name in parentheses
after the title of the book, followed by the abbreviation
“Ed.” (or “Eds.”):
Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K. V.
Kukil, Ed.). New York:Anchor.
22. ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK:
After the author, year of publication, and title of
the article or chapter, write “In” and give the
editor’s name, followed by “Ed.” in parentheses;
the title of the book; and the page numbers of the
article or chapter in parentheses. End with the
book’s publication information:
Luban, D. (2000). The ethics of wrongful
obedience. In D. L. Rhode(Ed.), Ethics in
practice: Lawyers’ roles, responsibilities,
and regulation (pp. 94-120). New York:
Oxford University Press.
23. Report From a Private Organization:
If the publisher is the author, give the word “Author” as the
publisher. If the report has an author, begin with the author’s
name, and the name of the publisher at the end.
Examples: Print Source
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice
guidelines for the treatment of patients with
eating disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC:
Author.
Web Only Source
Peer to Peer Counseling Group. (n.d.). Teaching
listening skills to large groups. Retrieved July
25,2003, from http://www.peertopeer.org/
listeningskills/00343.html
24. CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES
ARTICLE FROM AN ONLINE PERIODICAL
•When citing online articles, follow the guidelines for printed
articles, giving whatever information is available in the online
source.
•If the article also appears in a printed journalIf the article also appears in a printed journal, a URL is not
required; instead, include “Electronic version” in brackets after
the title of the article:
Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment
[Electronicversion]. Social Science Research,
29(4), 535-555.
•If there is no print versionIf there is no print version, include the date you accessed the
source and the article’s URL:
Ashe, D. D., & McCutcheon, L. E. (2001). Shyness,
loneliness, andattitude toward celebrities. Current
Research in Social Psychology,6(9). Retrieved July
3, 2001, from http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/
crisp.6.9.htm
25. An article from a newspaper’s searchable
website:
Give the URL for the site, not for the exact source:
Cary, B. (2001, June 18). Mentors of the mind.
Los Angeles Times.Retrieved July 5, 2001,
from http://www.latimes.com
26. Article from a Database:
To cite an article from a library’s subscription database,
include the publication information from the source. End
the citation with your date of access, the name of the
database, and the document number (if applicable).
Example:
Holliday, R. E., & Hayes, B. K. (2001). Dissociating
automatic andintentional processes in children’s
eyewitness memory. Journal ofExperimental
Child Psychology, 75(1), 1-5. Retrieved February
21,2001, from Expanded Academic ASAP
database (A59317972).
27. Notice Placement of punctuation and other key
elements of the entry:
Holliday, R. E., & Hayes, B. K. (2001). Dissociating
automatic andintentional processes in children’s
eyewitness memory. Journal ofExperimental
Child Psychology, 75(1), 1-5. Retrieved February
21,2001, from Expanded Academic ASAP
database (A59317972).
Vol. # +
Issue # +
page #’s
Retrieval
Date
Document
#
28. Non-Periodical Web Documents:
To cite a non-periodical Web document, such as a
report, list as many of the following elements as are
available:
•Author’s name;
•Date of publication (if there is no date, use “n.d.”);
•Title of document (in italics);
•Date you accessed the source;
•A URL that will take readers directly to the source.
29. Example Non-Periodical Web Source Entries:
In the first model, the source has both an author and a
date; in the second, the source lacks a date.
Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999, April). Investigation of the
use of mobilephones while driving. Retrieved
January 15, 2000, fromhttp://www.cutr.eng.usf.edu/
its/mobile_phone_text.htm
Archer, Z. (n.d.). Exploring nonverbal communication.
Retrieved July18, 2001, from http://zzyx.ucsc.edu/
~archer
If a source has no author, begin with the title and follow it
with the date in parentheses:
Exploring nonverbal communication. (1999, April).
Retrieved July18, 2001, from http://zzyx.ucsc.edu/
~archer
30. Government Document:
U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Statistical abstract of
the United States.Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
Report from a Private Organization:
If the publisher is the author, give the word “Author” as
the publisher. If the report has an author, begin with the
author’s name, and name the publisher at the end.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Practice
guidelines for thetreatment of patients with eating
disorders (2nd ed.). Washington,DC: Author.
31. Television Program:
To cite a television program, list the producer and the
date it was aired. Give the title, followed by “Television
broadcast” in brackets, the city, and the television
network or service:
Pratt, C. (Executive Producer). (2001, December 2).
Face the nation[Television broadcast].
Washington, DC: CBS News.
32. Email and Personal Interviews:
•Email messages and other personal
communications are not included in the list of
APA style references.
•Must, however, use in-text citations within your
body paragraphs when information (quotations,
paraphrases and summaries) comes from
email, letters and face-to-face interviews:
The pregnancy rate continues to decrease
but is still many times higher than in other,
comparable countries (E. Robbins, personal
communication, January 5, 2006).
33. Citing Lectures:
There is some contention as to whether or not to cite
lectures in the references list, since some people
consider them “personal communications.” For our
purposes, please cite them as follows:
•Write the speaker’s last name, followed by a comma, followed by their
first name;
•Give the title of the presentation in quotes marks;
•Include the name of the institution or conference title, followed by the
class title (if applicable);
•Include the location of the lecture, i.e., the city;
•Follow with the day, month (abbreviated) and year (four digits), i.e., 28
Sept. 2005.
Mesian, Bill. Woman online: fronteering a new feminine
power. University of Texas., SOC. 159: Feminist
Theory. Austin, Texas. 4 Apr. 2005.
34. If the lecture material (notes or slides) is available in electronic
format, use the format for referencing electronicsources to
reference this material even if you read the material first
elsewhere (ie: in class).Example:
Smith, P.R. (2003) . New approaches to leadership. Retrieved
August 25, 2003 from the University of Auckland, BBIM
MGMT 192 Cecil website: http://www.cecil.edu/interface/
cwiframes.asp?UserID=mgmt192
35. MISCELLANEOUS FORMATTING GUIDELINES:
•Begin your list of references on a new page at the end of the paper.
•Center the title References about one inch from the top of the page.
•Double-space throughout.
•APA recommends using a hanging indent: Type the first line of an entry flush
left and indent any additional lines one-half inch (or five spaces).
ALPHABETIZING THE LIST
•Alphabetize the reference list by the last names of the authors (or editors);
• When a work has no author or editor, alphabetize by the first word of the title
other than A, An, or The.
•If your list includes two or more works by the same author, arrange the
entries by year, the earliest first. If your list includes two or more works by the
same author in the same year, arrange them alphabetically by title. Add the
letters “a,” “b,” and so on within the parentheses after the year.
36. AUTHORS’ NAMES
Invert all authors’ names and use initials instead of first names. With two
or more authors, use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name.
Separate the names with commas. Include names for the first six authors;
if there are additional authors, end the list with “et al.” (Latin for
“and others”).
TITLES OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES
Italicize the titles and subtitles of books; capitalize only the first word of
the title and subtitle (and all proper nouns). Capitalize names of
periodicals as you would capitalize them normally.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR PAGE NUMBERS
Abbreviations for “page” and “pages” (“p.” and “pp.”) are used before
page numbers of newspaper articles and articles in edited books but not
before page numbers of articles appearing in magazines and scholarly
journals.
BREAKING A URL
When a URL must be divided, break it after a slash or before a period. Do
not insert a hyphen.Click here for a sample list of references.