Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
Reference and bibliography are essential components of the writing process, particularly in academic and scholarly work. They serve distinct purposes and play a crucial role in providing credibility, supporting claims, and acknowledging the sources of information used in a written work.
The MLA style is the direct opposite of Harvard in this regard. While Harvard has several rules regarding the citing of visual aids, the MLA style has none. So you are basically free to mention the resources the way you want to. However, it will be wise for you to consult your professor before you reference visual aids in the MLA format.
Here is a presentation that will provide you the important details about bibliography in an APA (American Psychological Association) style format.Thanks.
Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nano-publications, a form of micro-attribution. Citation has several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism), to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way, and to help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material the author has used.
Reference and bibliography are essential components of the writing process, particularly in academic and scholarly work. They serve distinct purposes and play a crucial role in providing credibility, supporting claims, and acknowledging the sources of information used in a written work.
The MLA style is the direct opposite of Harvard in this regard. While Harvard has several rules regarding the citing of visual aids, the MLA style has none. So you are basically free to mention the resources the way you want to. However, it will be wise for you to consult your professor before you reference visual aids in the MLA format.
Here is a presentation that will provide you the important details about bibliography in an APA (American Psychological Association) style format.Thanks.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
4. INTRODUCTION :
Reference is a one of the important part of any
Research paper, Assignment , Essays and others
documents. On this part the writer quote the
sources where he/she collect the information and
study the information for the purpose to prepare
the draft. This referencing part helps to user,
those who refer or value the paper to know the
authentication of the information in the article or
report or other forms of research work.
5. American Psychological Association { APA}
APA method of referencing style developed by social
and Behavioral Scientists to standardize the scientific writing.
APA Documentation system is commonly used in the
Social and Education as well as in the field such as Nursing .it is a
parenthetical documentation system. That means you will place
citations to sources in our own sentence.[usually the author’s last
name and year of publication].
Research Reports.
Empirical studies.
Literature Review.
Theoretical articles.
Case studies. And
Methodological Articles.
APA Style used for :
6. Creating the Reference list :
Begin the reference list on a page and title the page Reference
(not in italics )list only sources you have cited. The purpose of a
reference lists to help readers to find the sources you used ,
therefore the reference list should be as accurate and complete as
possible. It contain the followings :
Author name or names
Publication date.
Title of the work.
Publication data.
Format of the Reference List :
Title
Spacing
Capitalization
7. APA Reference Style Guide :
When one author
Mikulincer , m.(1990) Judgement of control and
Depression: the role of self-esteem threat &self –focused
attention . Cognitive Theory and Research.589-608.
Periodicals : Authors A,B & C, title of the Article, title
of Periodicals.
Personnel communication.
According to T.K. Lutes (personnel communication.)
April 18 2001.
Website : http://it.ump.edu/rainbow.
8. Modern Language Association { MLA }
MLA Documentation is commonly used in
English and foreign language and literature courses as
well as in other disciplines in the Humanities .It is a
simple and straight forward .
MLA Document style does not require a title page
you can include the followings
Your name.
The professor’s name.
The course name.
The date you submit the essay.
.
9. Creating the Reference list :
under MLA method reference sheet
called as “Works Cited List” it does not require you to
create a cover page and no require Bold ,underline the
research papers title.
works cited entries:
Name of the Author
Book title and Book edition.
Published year and Publisher.
Place of published.
Page number.
10. PAPER FORMAT :
Margins : one inch on all sides.
Double – spaced.
12 points type font size.
Provide a double – spaced entry in the top left corner of the
page that lists your name, your Instructor’s name the Course
and the date.
Page are numbered 1,2,3…. Starting with the title page and
including the reference page.
Header : APA - one or two words of your Title and the page
Number in the top right-hand corner.
MLA- each page must have your Name and page
Number.
11. MLA Reference Style Guide :
One author :
Burke, kenneth, Language as
Symbolic action: Essays on life literature and
method, Berkely :University of California 1966.
Personnel Interview :
Burgess, Carl,(email interview) 3 Feb.2000
12. Comparison of MLA and APA Methods.
Used in Humanities and
English Essays.
Reference page called
“works cited”.
Header contain last name
and page number.
MLA work cited Contain
Author name , publication,
Year of publication,
Number of copies.
Used in social science ,
Psychological and social
work.
Reference page called as a
Reference page.
Header contain one word
title and page number.
APA method contain name
of the author and title of
work and place.
MLA method APA method
13. Work cite not contain
page number of
researcher Referred
book.
First line of each entry is
at the left margin.
Double spacing for each
word.
No use of italic ,Bold .
Work cite contain page
number of researcher
Referred book.
Five spaces for the first
word of each paragraph.
Double spacing for each
word.
No use of ,Bold ,
Underline.
19. CONCLUSION
MLA and APA method are not have a
much difference and some of the contents are
similar in this two method . Reference means
coating the source where we gathered the
information there are many methods we are
having to coat the reference. Most of the
researchers are using MLA and APA methods of
referencing.
20. BIBLIOGRAPHY :
URL : http://MLA v/s APA method of Referencing.
URL : http:// MLA and APA style.pdf
