Entropy Produce Molecule Motor
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This document discusses the development of thermodynamics and its application to small systems and molecular machines. It summarizes that thermodynamics laws have been generalized to account for non-equilibrium states through developments like the fluctuation theorem. The fluctuation theorem allows for negative entropy production along single stochastic trajectories, helping to explain why molecular machines can have higher efficiencies than macroscale machines despite operating in a high noise environment. Further developments are still needed to understand non-equilibrium thermodynamics for biological systems where the Jarzynski equality may not apply.
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![[object Object],Why talking about Thermodynamics ? Thermodynamics is a funny subject. The first time you go through it, you don't understand it at all. The second time you go through it, you think you understand it, except for one or two small points. The third time you go through it, you know you don't understand it, but by that time you are so used to it, it doesn't bother you any more. - Arnold Sommerfeld ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],When we move to small world… ,[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Entropy is a measure of probability and the "disorder" of a system.
Disorder refers to is really the number of different microscopic states a system can be in, given that the system has a particular fixed composition, volume, energy, pressure, and temperature.
the exact definition is
Entropy = (Boltzmann's constant k) x logarithm of number of possible states
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Chemical energy stored by molecules can be released as heat
during chemical reactions when a fuel like methane, cooking
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is in equilibrium or moves from one equilibrium state to
another equilibrium state.Chemical energy stored by molecules can be released as heat
during chemical reactions when a fuel like methane, cooking
gas or coal burns in air. The chemical energy may also be
used to do mechanical work when a fuel burns in an engine
or to provide electrical energy through a galvanic cell like
dry cell. Thus, various forms of energy are interrelated and
under certain conditions, these may be transformed from
one form into another. The study of these energy
transformations forms the subject matter of thermodynamics.
The laws of thermodynamics deal with energy changes of
macroscopic systems involving a large number of molecules
rather than microscopic systems containing a few molecules.
Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what
rate these energy transformations are carried out, but is
based on initial and final states of a system undergoing the
change.
Theory of Time 2024 (Universal Theory for Everything)
Universal theory for everything; This theory can answer to any
questions with sufficient proofs with clarification.
Thermodynamics ppt
The document discusses key concepts from kinetic theory of gases and thermodynamics. It defines kinetic theory of gases as describing gas as particles in random motion that collide with each other and container walls. This explains macroscopic gas properties like pressure. It then outlines Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and related equations that describe the distribution of molecular speeds at a given temperature. The document also summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics, including definitions of entropy, Carnot cycle efficiency, and applications of thermodynamic concepts.
Invariant Manifolds, Passage through Resonance, Stability and a Computer Assi...
1) The document is a dissertation submitted to ETH Zurich that studies invariant manifolds, passage through resonance, stability, and applies these concepts to a synchronous motor model.
2) It first develops theory for a general Hamiltonian system coupled to a linear system by weak periodic perturbations, showing the persistence of invariant manifolds. It then uses averaging techniques to analyze global dynamics, assuming a finite number of resonances.
3) It represents the reduced system in a way suitable for stability analysis, covering both non-degenerate and degenerate cases.
4) The second part applies these methods to explicitly model a miniature synchronous motor, analytically deriving approximations and numerically simulating and confirming the dynamics, showing approach
heat transfer and thermodynamics .pptx
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics through multiple examples. It explains that the second law asserts that energy will spontaneously flow from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration, but not vice versa. All energy sources, whether human, machine, or natural, will eventually be converted to low-grade thermal energy as useful work is lost to friction and heat. The total energy remains constant, but becomes less concentrated and useful over time, in accordance with the second law.
Laws Of Thermodynamics
The document summarizes the four laws of thermodynamics:
1) The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form.
2) The second law states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases.
3) The third law states that the entropy of a system approaches a minimum, zero, as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
4) There is no universally accepted fourth law, but some proposals include the Onsager reciprocal relations regarding heat and matter flow parameters.
1.basic thermodynamics
1. The document discusses key concepts in atmospheric thermodynamics, including systems, equilibrium, and the role of water in the atmosphere.
2. It focuses on analyzing thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere, emphasizing how water and its phase transitions influence the atmosphere.
3. The course will also consider the main force balances in the atmosphere and vertical air parcel acceleration, known as "statics".
Thermal Engineering - Perpetual Machines (2).pptx
The document discusses violations of the laws of thermodynamics through perpetual motion machines. It defines the three laws of thermodynamics and explains that perpetual motion machines would violate the first and/or second law. There are three types of perpetual motion machines described: type 1 produces work without energy input, type 2 converts heat spontaneously to work without cooling a reservoir, and type 3 aims to eliminate all friction to maintain motion indefinitely through inertia. The document also provides examples of problems calculating thermal efficiencies of heat engines.
The Monte Carlo Method of Random Sampling in Statistical Physics
The Monte Carlo technique of random sampling was reviewed in this work. It plays an important role in Statistical Mechanics as well as in scientific computation especially when problems have a vast phase space. The purpose of this paper is to review a general method, suitable to fast electronic computing machines, for calculating the properties of any system which may be considered as composed of interacting particles. Concepts such as phase transition, the Ising model,ergodicity, simple sampling, Metropolis algorithm, quantum Monte Carlo and Non-Boltzmann sampling were discussed. The applications of Monte Carlo method in other areas of study aside Statistical Physics werealso mentioned.
Part III - Quantum Mechanics
This document provides a summary of key developments in the foundations of quantum mechanics. It discusses Planck's discovery that led to defining Planck's constant h, which established that energy is quantized. Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect supported this and introduced the photon concept. Bohr used classical mechanics and energy quantization to develop his model of the hydrogen atom. The document outlines the revolutionary changes brought by quantum theory and its greater scope and applicability compared to classical physics. It provides context for understanding quantum mechanics from first principles.
Theory of Time 2023
This document presents a theory of time proposed by Ramkumar K that was developed over 22 years of research. The theory aims to systematically relate principles of electromagnetism, mechanics, atoms, and the universal transformation system. It uses principles like Newton's laws, Ohm's law, and the law of conservation of energy to analyze energy and power transformations over time. The theory finds that existing interpretations contain some imbalances when relating series and parallel circuit properties. It develops new analyses of gyroscopic effects, black holes, and the universal transformation system to provide a single, unified theory of time and transformation systems across all domains.
movie
The document provides 7 tips for solving physics problems faster on the MHT-CET exam: 1) Play logic games to improve reasoning skills, 2) Memorize logarithm tables, 3) Eliminate decimals by rewriting fractions as powers of 10, 4) Learn unit conversions, 5) Solve practice problems in reverse order, 6) Stay calm and focused as most questions are formula-based, 7) Practice formulas through numerical problems to improve speed and understanding. It also notes that around 45 of the 50 physics questions will be numerical.
Basic thermodynamics
In this PPT have have covered
1. Basic thermodynamics definition
2. Thermodynamics law
3. Properties , cycle, Process
4. Derivation of the Process
5.Formula for the numericals.
This topic is use full for those students who want to study basic thermodynamics as a part of their University syllabus.
Most of the university having basic Mechanical engineering as a subject and in this subject Thermodynamics is a topic so by this PPT our aim is to give presentable knowledge of the subject
Thermostatics vs. electrodynamics preprints 10.20944.v1
Thermodynamics has been the foundation of many models of biological and technological systems. But thermodynamics is static and is misnamed. A more suitable name is thermostatics.
Thermostatics does not include time as a variable and so has no velocity, flow or friction. Indeed, as usually formulated, thermostatics does not include boundary conditions. Devices require boundary conditions to define their input and output. They usually involve flow and friction. Thermostatics is an unsuitable foundation for understanding technological and biological devices. A time dependent generalization of thermostatics that might be called thermal dynamics is being
developed by Chun Liu and collaborators to avoid these limitations. Electrodynamics is not restricted like thermostatics, but in its classical formulation involves drastic assumptions about polarization and an over-approximated dielectric constant. Once the Maxwell equations are rewritten without a dielectric constant, they are universal and exact. Conservation of total current,including displacement current, is a restatement of the Maxwell equations that leads to dramatic simplifications in the understanding of one dimensional systems, particularly those without branches, like the ion channel proteins of biological membranes and the two terminal devices of electronic systems. The Brownian fluctuations of concentrations and fluxes of ions become the spatially independent total current, because the displacement current acts as an unavoidable low pass filter, a consequence of the Maxwell equations for any material polarization. Electrodynamics and thermal dynamics together form a suitable foundation for models of technological and biological systems.
Apuntes termodinamica
The lecture covers the fundamentals of thermodynamics including the first and second laws. It introduces concepts such as work, kinetic energy, potential energy, conservation of mechanical energy, and how the first law applies to closed systems. The second law is also discussed including reversible and irreversible processes, the Carnot engine, and classical statements of the second law. Consequences of the second laws such as entropy are then covered.
Basic thermodynamics cycle
The document discusses thermodynamic cycles and processes. It defines basic thermodynamic cycles like isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes. It explains that a thermodynamic cycle occurs when a system returns to its initial state after a series of processes. Common power cycles like Otto and diesel cycles are discussed as examples. Applications of thermodynamics principles in engines, vehicles, power plants and other systems are also mentioned.
Pdf thermo
This document discusses applying thermodynamic concepts and methods to ecology. The author proposes the "entropy pump hypothesis" - that climatic and environmental conditions organize ecosystems in a way that only a natural ecosystem specific to those conditions can achieve dynamic equilibrium. The author then calculates the entropy production for an ecosystem under anthropogenic stress over a one-year period, showing that the entropy produced must be "pumped out" by solar energy to maintain steady-state conditions. The document examines how thermodynamic concepts like entropy, exergy, and information theory can provide a physical approach and criteria to analyze ecosystems.
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Overview
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