The document discusses the principles of planning buildings, including aspect, privacy, roominess, grouping, circulation, orientation, and economy. It provides definitions and guidelines for each principle. For example, it states that aspect refers to positioning rooms according to functional requirements and sun exposure. Privacy can be achieved through window placement, plants, and door location. Circulation considers horizontal and vertical movement within a building. Orientation involves placing long walls north-south for climate control. Overall the document offers guidance on applying various planning concepts to suit a building's purpose and environment.

1. S.S.A.S.I.T, SURAT GTU

2.  The term planning of building by an engineer is used to mean
the arrangement of all the units of a building on all floors and at all
levels and it not only includes the horizontal layout but also it takes
into consideration the height and level to accommodate the space
enclosed by walls, floors and roofs. During building planning, it is
important to keep in mind, the general purpose of the building. Each
type of building has its own requirement to suit its purpose in the
best possible manner. There should be proper thinking on the
functional or utility aspect of building. Main consideration of
planning are:
Human habitation and their requirements
Climatic condition and effects
Bye-laws for planning and construction
Available finance
Comfort, safety and economy 2

3. Principles of Planning
• These are the guidelines for planning the buildings to suit
their functional requirements.
• Various principles of planning:-
1. Aspect
2. Prospect
3. Privacy
4. Roominess
5. Grouping
6. Circulation
7. Elegance
8. Sanitation
9. Orientation
10. Economy
11. Flexibility
12. Furniture requirement 3

4. 1. Aspect:
• It is the positioning of different rooms in the house according to
their functional requirements.
• Aspect of any room is decided by following sun diagram
4

5. • It can be seen that eastern aspect will be most suitable for
kitchen i.e. a room receiving light from a particular direction is
said to have that aspect.
• Similarly with climate point of view, and as per the requirement
of light, air, etc decides the position of the room.
• Aspects for various types of rooms are enlisted in following
table:
5

6. 2. Prospect:
• It is the arrangement of windows in the external walls of the
buildings so as to reveal certain desired views and conceal
undesired views from inside.
• This can be done by putting inclined brackets or by providing
blind walls.
• The prospect can be achieved by projecting windows as
shown:
6

7. 3. Privacy:
•Privacy can be of a part or all parts
of a building from another building
or one room from another room.
•Privacy of the building can be
achieved by providing windows at
higher level than the adjoining road
or ground as well as by growing
plants and trees around the
building for example privacy for
swimming pool.
•Privacy inside a room can be
achieved by providing door on one
side of the longer wall so that
minimum portion of the room is
visible. 7

8. 4. Roominess:
• It is the “feel of speciousness” obtained in the room when one
enters it.
• This is achieved by adjusting length to breadth ratio between 1.2
to 1.5.
• Light colors and also different colors on each wall depending on
light direction can also improve the roominess.
5. Grouping:
• It can be defined as the arrangement of various rooms to
coordinate functions of rooms and movement of users.
• For example kitchen and dining room should be adjacent
,the stair should have approach from maximum rooms.
• In case of industries, hospitals, schools, the rooms are to be
arranged according to their sequence of operations. 8

9. 6. Circulation
• It is the movement inside the building in horizontal or
vertical direction.
• Horizontal circulation can be provided by passages. The
passages should be short, wide and well illuminated. The
doors should not open in corridor, as it will obstruct the
movement.
• For vertical circulation, centrally located staircases, ramps,
lifts, escalators are most suitable. Following fig. shows
good and bad circulation.
9

10. 7. Elegance
• It is the effect produced by the elevation. It depends upon proportion
of width and height of the building and choice of material and colour
scheme.
• Elegance can also be achieved by using proper cladding material to
the face of the building. It can also be improved.
• The beautification process need not be costly.
8. Sanitation
• It includes provision of light, ventilation, cleanliness, water supply and
sanitary amenities.
• The minimum window area should not be less than 1/10th of floor
area to allow maximum sunlight to enter the room , which destroys
the germs.
• The doors and windows should be positioned in such a way that hot
air, foul odours are removed from the room and fresh cool air is
admitted in the room.
• This is achieved by providing ventilators near the roof in addition to
windows. Cross ventilation should be employed for proper circulation
of air.
• The sanitary units should be provided with non-absorbent flooring
materials with proper slopes and continuous water supply.
10

11. • Factors influence sanitation are
• Lighting
• Ventilation
• Cleanliness
• Lighting : natural sunlight or artificial
• Intensity of natural light is affected by pollutants like smoke,
dirt, dust, gases and clouds
• Min window area = 1/7th floor area (hot-humid climate)
• Min window area = 1/10th floor area (dry climate)
11

12. • Ventilation: a system of supplying or removing air by
natural or mechanical means to or from any enclosed
space to create and maintain comfortable condition
• Orientation of building and location of windows help in
providing proper ventilation.
Basic requirements in
ventilation
Sensation of comfort
Reduction in humidity
Removal of heat
Proper supply of oxygen
Reduction of dust
12

13. Dust:
1. Creates health problems
2. Makes surfaces dull
3. Floors shall be mooth,
impervious, non-
absorbing, uniformly
sloping
Dampness (wetness):
1. Root cause of infection
2. Walls and floors shall be
damp-proof
3. Kitchen, bath and w/c shall
be drained off quickly
Cleanliness
13

14. 9. Orientation :
• It means fixing major axis of the building to achieve maximum natural
gifts.
• In India, the long walls should be provided towards North and South
and short walls in East and West direction to reduce the area exposed
to sunrays.
• In hot climate verandahs, chajjas and sun breakers should be provided
to protect the building from sunrays. Rooms occupied through out the
day should be placed on north.
10. Economy :
• It is the last but not the least principle of planning. All efforts are in vein
if the cost is not considered.
• In any case aspect and circulation . On the other hand, prospect can be
sacrificed for aspect.
• Simple building plans along with minimum doors and windows with
simple designs will reduce the cost.
• In any case, functional utility, structural stability of the construction
should never be sacrificed.
• Economy can also achieved by making maximum use of locally available
materials to suit the local environmental conditions and use of locally
available labour. 14

15. 11. Flexibility
• The plan of building should be prepared by keeping mind the
future requirement
12. Furniture Requirement
• During building planning the size of furniture to be require for
functional utility of the rooms should be considered Kitchen has
platform, cupboard, dining table, refrigerator, mill etc.
• Bedroom has bed, cupboard, side tables, dressing table etc.
• Children’s room has bed, study table, cupboard, dressing etc.
15

16. ORIENTATION OF BUILDING
•The settings of plan of building on
its sites with reference to the
directions is known as orientation.
•Direct sunlight, wind and rainfall its
intensity and type of surroundings
are taken into consideration while
deciding orientation of the building.
•The long walls of the building
should be placed towards north and
south.
•The short walls should be placed
towards east and west. 16

17. 1. Site should preferably be situated on an elevated and levelled
ground.
2. It should not be located in a flood prone area.
3. The soil at site should have good value of bearing capacity.
4. The site should not be irregular in shape.
5. The site should be rectangular or square in shape.
6. The site should be located in developed area.
7. The site should be located away from quarries, kiln, industrial plants
etc.
SITE SELECTION
17

18.  FACTORS OF SELECTING SITE FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING :
1) It must be clear title and in residential zone.
2) As far as possible rectangular plot should be selected.
3) It must be near to market, school, hospital, commercial area,
transportation.
4) The plot should have a separate approach road.
5) The land should be such that hard strata shall be available at minimum
excavation.
6) If the plot is in the vicinity of river then it must be above the high flood
level.
7) Plot in low-lying areas should be avoided as rainwater may get
accumulated in the plot. 18

19.  What is meant bye ‘Building bye-laws’?
1. These are the restrictions laid down by the municipal,town
planning or revenue authorities on construction and planning
of different types of buildings.
2. Building byelaws differ from place to place . For example
building byelaws for Mumbai will not be same as that of some
district or taluka place having municipality or a village having
grampanchayt.
BUILDING BYELAWS

20. Necessity of Building Byelaws
1. To curb the haphazard growth of towns or cities.
2. To facilitate future use of land, widening of streets, controlling the
ribbon development in an area.
3. To reduce pollution in area by restricting population density in an area
there by providing hygienic environment
4. To ensure that every citizen will receive facilities like water supply,
sanitation, ventilation, electric supply, parking and safety.
Some Important Building Byelaws are as follows :-
1) For Open space requirement :
o The open space around the building is required to be provided to meet
requirements regarding lighting , ventilations , future expansion , and approach.
o Open space for front , rear and side yards depend upon height of building and
can be calculated by the formula
W = 3 + (h/10)/3 where W = width of the open space in .m
h = height of the building in. m < 25 m
o Open space for rear yard for the building of height less than 10m . Should be
3m average but in no case less than 1.8 m. 20

21. 2.) Floor area :
It is the usable covered area of the building at any floor level.
Thus, Floor area = Plinth area – Walls
Following areas shall be included :
 Doors and other openings
 Internals pillar and supports
 Plaster along the wall exceeding 300 m^2.
Following areas shall not be included:
 Plaster along the wall less than 300 m^2.
 Fire places projecting beyond face of walls.
3.) Built up area :
o It is the area covered by all floor in the building.
o It includes everything covered under roof. Area occupied by balcony, staircase is
excluded from the built up area.
4.) Carpet area :
o It is defined as actual area of usable room at any floor level.
o It does not include sanitary accommodation , verandahs , corridors and
passages , stores in domestic building , stair cases and shafts from lifts , garages ,
air condition ducts and plant . 21

23. Building Drawings
Building projects require several types of specialised drawings. These
include.
•Location Plans
•Site Plans
•Floor Plans
•Elevations
•Sectional Views
23

24. Location (Block) Plan
The location plan identifies the
location of the building or
construction site in relation to its
surroundings.
Location Plans Include:
•All neighbouring buildings and their
plot boundaries
•Street names
•Roads, pavements, footpaths etc.
•A north direction arrow
•The scale of the drawing.
The scale of a Location plan is normally 1:1250
24

25. Site Plan
Site plans show a larger view of a plot,
normally highlighted in the location plan.
The builder needs to know exactly where
the plot of the building is to be constructed.
A site plan may include:
•Boundaries of the plot
•The position of the building within the plot
•Access paths
•Drainage information; pipe runs, manholes
etc.
•Contour lines, indicating the slope of the
ground
•A north direction arrow
•The scale of the drawing
The scale is of a site plan is normally 1:200
25

26. Floor Plan
The floor plan is an internal view of a
house from above. It is used by all trades
to plan their work.
It gives information to trades people but
also used to show the client or customer
the layout and dimensions of the house
before it is built.
A floor plan may include:
•The layout and dimensions of rooms
•Positions and sizes of windows and
doors.
•Layout of the kitchen and bathroom
fixtures and fittings
•Lamps, switches, sockets etc.
•The scale of the drawing
The scale of a floor plan is normally 1:100 or 1:50 26

27. Elevations
Elevations are orthographic views of the outside of the building that enable
clients and customers to see what the finished building will look like.
Elevations show:
•The style of the building
•The external proportions of the building
•The external features of the building; windows styles and wall finishes.
•The type of roof
•The position of the doors and windows from the outside.
The scale of an elevation is normally 1:100 or 1:50 27

28. Sectional Views
Sectional views are detailed
technical drawings showing a slide
through a wall. The section is
normally taken through a part of
the building that will show most
detail.
Sections show:
•The materials used: brick, timber,
concrete etc.
•Construction details.
•Dimensions
•The scale of the drawing.
The scale of a section is normally 1:20
28

29. Building symbols and signs
29

30. Plan Symbols
drawing No. A-4.
drawing No. A-5.
drawing No. A-6.
A-6
ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS
Symbol Definition
Wall section No. 2
2 can be seen on
A-4
Detail section No. 3
3 can be seen on
L-5
Building section A-A
AA can be seen on
Main object line
Hidden or invisible line
Indicates center line
3" 3' 4" Dimension lines
Extension lines
Symbol indicates center line
Indicates wall suface
N Indicates north direction
30

31. Hose bibbthermostatic
gate
Shockswitch
Aquastat waste
below gradeAir vent
above grade
Meter M
F&T
PIPING SYMBOLS (cont.)
Float and
trap
Elbow
Thermometer
Tee
Pressure
gauge 'Y'
Flow FS OS & Y
switch
Pressure P
absorber
Pressure House trap
reducing
valve
Temperature ‘P’ trap
and pressure
relief valve
Humidistat H Floor drain
A Indirect IW
Sanitary S
Sanitary S
31

32. PLUMBING FIXTURE SYMBOLS
Baths
Corner Recessed Angle
Whirlpool Institutional
or island
Showers
Stall Corner Stall Wall Gang
Water Closets
Tank Flush Valve Bidet
Urinals
Wall Stall Trough
Lavatories
Vanity Wall Counter Pedestal
32

33. Floor or wall Recessed Semirecessed
W
F
W
F
Heater Tank
PLUMBING FIXTURE SYMBOLS (cont.)
Kitchen Sinks
Single basin Single drainboard
Twin basin Double drainboard
Drinking Fountains or
Electric Water Coolers
DF DF
DF
Dishwasher Laundry Trays
DW LT L
T
Single Double
Service Sinks Wash Fountains
SS SS
Wall Floor Circular Semicircular
Hot Water Separators
HW HWT G
O Gas Oil
33

34. left blank
plan view
MATERIAL INDICATION SYMBOLS
Material Plan Elevation Section
Wood
Floor areas
Siding Panel Framing Finish
Brick
Face
Common Face or common
Same as
Stone
Cut
Rubble Cut Rubble Cut Rubble
34

35. plan view
Concrete Same as
Concrete
block
Same as
plan view
Earth None None
Glass
Large scale
Small scale
Insulation
Same as
section
Insulation Loose fill or batt
Board
35

36. section
contour
MATERIAL INDICATION SYMBOLS (cont.)
Material Plan Elevation Section
Plaster Same as
Plaster Stud
Lath and plaster
Structural
steel
Indicate
by note
Sheet metal
flashing
Indicate
by note
Show
36

37. 9-17
Tile
Floor Wall
Porous fill None None
Plywood Indicated by note Indicated by note
37

38. MATERIAL INDICATION SYMBOLS (cont.)
Material Plan Elevation Section
Batt
insulation
None Same as plan
Rigid
insulation
None Same as plan
Glass
Small scale
Large scale
38

39. Gypsum
wallboard
Same as plan
Acoustical None
Ceramic
wall tile
Same as plan
Floor tile None
39

40. Door
Gravel
rando
m
LANDSCAPE SYSTEMS AND GRAPHICS
Property Fence
line
Center
line
Concrete
Building
Sand
Window
Brick
Paving —
pattern
Rock
Wall
Water
Stone
wall
Hedge Swamp
40

41. Ground
Contour lines —plants
Same
proposed
LANDSCAPE SYSTEMS AND GRAPHICS (cont.)
Slope up Grass
down
Steps
up cover
down
Benchmark EI.00.0
Trees —
Topographic
contours
deciduous evergreen
10
Shrubs —
5
deciduous evergreen
Herbaceous
(flowers)
unaltered
altered
variety
41

42. MATERIALS SYMBOLS
Earthworks
Earth/compact fill Porous fill/gravel Rock
Concrete
Cast-in-place/precast Lightweight Sand/mortar/
plaster/cut stone
Masonry
Adobe/rammed earth Common/face Fire brick
Concrete block Gypsum block Structural facing tile
42

43. Stone
Bluestone/slate/ Rubble Marble
soapstone/flagging
Metal
Aluminum Brass/bronze Steel/other metals
Wood
Finish Rough Blocking
Hardboard Plywood – large scale Plywood – small scale
43

44. MATERIALS SYMBOLS (cont.)
Glass
Glass Structural Glass block
Insulation
Batt/loose fill Rigid Spray/foam
Finishes
Acoustical tile Ceramic tile – large scale Ceramic tile – small scale
Carpet and pad Gypsum wallboard Metal lath and plaster
44

45. Finishes (cont.)
Plastic Resilient flooring/plastic laminate Terrazzo
Plan and Section Indications
Partition Indications
Wood stud Metal stud Special finish face
Elevation Indications
Brick Ceramic tile Concrete/plaster
Glass Sheet metal Shingles/siding
45

46. WINDOW AND DOOR SYMBOLS
Type
Double hung
windows
Casement
windows
Slider
Plan Elevation
indicates
window
hinge
46

47. Exterior
door
Interior
door
Bifold
door
47

48. Accent
4'0"
6'2"
2' 8"
8' 1
/2" 63
/
DRAWING CONVENTIONS AND SYMBOLS (cont.)
Dash and dot
Center lines, projections, existing elevations lines
Dash and double dot line
Property lines, boundary lines
Dotted line
Hidden, future or existing construction to be removed
Break line
To break off parts of drawing
Linework
4' 0" 8" Slash
4"
Arrow
4"
26' 8" 2" Dot
5' 4" 1
/2"
Horizontal Vertical
Dimension Lines
48

49. 49