This document discusses building design and building bye-laws. It provides guidelines for proper building design including setting minimum standards for room sizes, building heights, open spaces, and other structural elements. Building bye-laws are local laws that provide rules for construction to ensure safety, efficiency and to prevent unplanned development. They regulate setbacks, coverage ratios, parking and more. Compliance with bye-laws leads to economically sound and safe construction.

1. BUILDING DESIGN

3. INTRODUCTIONTO BUILDING
 Everything that encloses space on some scale
sufficient for a human being to move in, is
a building.
 All activities to be carried out in the building should
be planned for providing better conditions of living,
and working.

4.  This is achieved by providing good environment
which will help in building up a happy, healthy and
beautiful lives and to improve the working
conditions.
 efficiency is induced and discomfort is eliminated

5. BUILDINGBYE-LAWS
 A bye-law is the local law framed by a competent
authority.
 Every locality has its own peculiarities with respect
to the climatic conditions, geological conditions, i.e.
availability of materials for construction, labour etc.
 If a building is built in a definite planned way, the
construction becomes economically sound and
safe. As such there must be a law or regulations
on the part of the owner while building his own
house.

6. - OBJECTOF BYE-LAWS-
1.To give guide lines to the designer, architect or
engineer.
2.To prevent haphazard development.
3.To control land development and to check un-
authorised construction. i.e. encroachment on
public and private land.

7. 4.To limit or define the way the new structures are to
be built.
5.To specify the type of materials to be used.
6.To provide open spaces, air, breeze, etc.
7.To afford safety against fire, noise and smoke etc

8. WHAT ARE BUILDING BYE-LAWS?
 The following bye-laws and regulations cover all
aspects of different types of buildings.
1.Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.
2.Open spaces around residential building.
3. Minimum standard dimensions of building
elements.
4. Provisions for lighting and ventilation.

9. 5. Provisions for safety from fire and explosion.
6. Provisions for means of access.
7. Provisions for drainage and sanitation.
8. Provisions for safety of works against hazards or
accidents.
9. Requirements for off-street parking spaces.

10. 10. Requirements for greenbelt and landscaping.
11. Special requirements for low income housing.
12. Sizes of structural elements

11. BUILDING AND CONTROL LINES
 Building line refers to the front line up to which a
building can lawfully extend. It is also
called as 'set-back' or front building line.
 A minimum distance of this 'building line' from the
centre line of the accompanying road is laid down
as the limit beyond which no construction is allowed
towards the road.

14. ADVANTAGES
The set back effected by the building line has
the following advantages.
 If necessary, part of the set-back may be acquired
for the purpose of widening the roads.
 It keeps noise and dust away from the building.
 The set-back at street comers improves visibility
and provides safety to traffic.

15.  It reduces danger of fire.
 The space of set-backs can be used as parking
place or for developing a garden.
 It helps better conditions of air, light and ventilation
of the buildings

16. HEIGHT OF BUILDING
 Tall buildings impair the value of small neighboring
houses by cutting off sun-shine,
air, breeze etc. and thus, make the small houses
un-suitable for inhabitation.
 They make the street narrow and increase the
congestion of traffic and affect the air and light etc.
 Hence, the height of the buildings especially high-
rise buildings or sky-scrapers must be controlled.

18.  The maximum height should be limited to the width
of the street as follows.
1. The maximum height of building shall not exceed
1.5 times the width of road abutting plus the front
open space
2. If a building abuts on two or more streets of
different widths, the building shall be deemed to
face upon the street that has the greater width

19. OPENSPACEREQUIREMENT
 Certain open space should be left around the
building particularly residential type. It depends on
air required for the building.
 The open spaces shall be open to the sky and no
cornice, weather shade, or roof more than 0.75 m
wide shall over-hung on such open spaces.
 Open areas also provide facilities for parking, future
expansion of road-way, good approach or access to
other amenities such as water supply line or
drainage line etc.

20. FRONT OPEN SPACE REQUIREMENT

21. SIDE & REAR OPEN SPACE
REQUIREMENT

22. FLOOR SPACE INDEX (F.S.I.)
 The ratio of total built-up area of all floors to the plot
area of the building is called Floor Space
Index(F.S.I).
ie. F.S.I. = total built-up area of all floors
Plot area
 F.S.I. should always less than one for any type of
building.
i.e. ( F.S.I.< 1 )
 The F.S.I. is fixed by the local authority and is
different for different areas and different buildings in
the city

24. PLINTH HEIGHT :-
 The height of the plinth shall not be less than 450
mm from the surrounding ground level.
 A height of 600 mm is the best from drainage or
other considerations

25. PARAPET WALL
 Parapet walls and hand-rails provided on the edges
of roof terraces, balcony, verandah etc. shall be not
less than 1.05 m and not more than 1.20 m in
height From the finished floor level

26. REQUIREMENT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF
ROOMS
 The size, height and other requirements of different
types of rooms are given in next table.

27.  In order to be free from weathering effects and for
better stability, the minimum depth of foundation is
kept 1 m below the ground level.
 Plinth height may be 300 mm to 600 mm but 450
mm is more common.
 For water logging prone and important buildings.
the minimum plinth height is 600 mm.
 Plinth area should be 1.2 times the floor area of the
building.

28.  Min. width of footing is 100 mm more than the one
above and minimum depth of footing is the depth of
the standard brick = 100 mm.
 Thickness of the damp proof course is 20 mm to 25
mm.
 Floor finish is generally with 10 mm to 20 mm thick
cement mortar or tiles.
 Ceiling height (ie. head room) for main rooms of the
building should be 3000 mm to 3600 mm.

29.  For bath and W.C. the ceiling height may be 2000
mm to 2750 mm.
 The carpet area should be 50% to 65% of the floor
area.
 Main entrance door should be of 1200 mm X 2100
mm size.
 Other doors should have a minimum width of 900
mm and height of 2000 mm

30.  Door opening for bath rooms is 600 mm to 750 mm
X 1800 mm with single-leaf shutter.
 The size of windows depends on the total area of
window openings required.
 The following guidelines should be kept in mind.
i) Window width = 1/8 (width of room + height of
room).
(ii) Glass area in windows should be 10% to 20% of
floor area of the room for good lighting in the room.

31.  (iii) At least one sq.m. of window area should be
provided for every 30 cubic metres of inside room
space.
 Generally, the minimum size of window is 750 mm-
X 1000 mm
 The minimum size of ventilator is 1000 mm X 500
mm in order to provide good ventilation.

32.  Stairs :-
 Rise in residential building = 130 mm to 180 mm.
 Tread 250 mm to 275 mm for residential buildings.
 Width of steps should be 900 mm to 1000 mm for
residential buildings.
 No. of risers = Total height of floor
Height of single riser

33.  No. of treads = No. of risers – 1
 Thickness of R.C.C. lintel beam is 100 mm to 250
mm.
 Thickness of R.C.C. slab for roof and lintels is 80
mm to 150 mm and that of sunshades is 25 mm to
50 mm.
 Width of verandah is from 1.8 m to 3 m and width of
passage is 0.8 m to 1.2 m in residential houses.

34.  The height of parapet wall should not be less than
1.05 m and not more than 1.2 m above the finished
floor level
 Thickness of plaster for different masonry should be
as follows-
 Stone masonry = 20 mm to 40 mm
 Brick masonry = 12 mm to 20 mm
 Concrete masonry = 10 mm to 15 mm.

35. BUNGALOWS

36.  Bungalow (Detached house) is a building whose
walls or roof as independent of any other buildings
with open space on all the sides.
 This house has all the rooms required for single
family.
 It is not necessarily to be a single storied one.
 If two storied, it may have its living room, kitchen,
dining room, store-room, garage etc. on ground
floor and all the bed rooms, study room, guest room
etc. on first floor

37.  In Bungalow (detached houses) a pleasing effect
can be achieved, if the landscape on the road side
of the house is kept quite open, air and light are
allowed to flow up to the building uninterrupted. by
fences and walls
 Generally, this sort of houses is possessed by
higher middle income group or higher income group
families and also where adequate free land is
available at cheaper rate

41.  It can be defined as an attached twin of two similar
houses with one wall common to both as shown in
previous slides.
 Two units are symmetrically planned
 As a detached house, the semi detached house
may also be either single storied or two storied.
 It has an advantage of having the party-wall in
common, effecting an Initial saving

42. ADVANTAGES:
1. It Is cheaper to build.
2. It provides good accommodation for an average
family.
3. Because of being surrounded on three sides by
space, It almost gives the Impact of being a
detached house.

43. DISADVANTAGE
 As with the detached house repetition of an
identical design will give unity, but when
adjacent parts or gaps are different, the
appearance is generally non-uniform.

44. ROW HOUSES

45.  These types of houses are very common in India.
 Government quarters as those of a railway colony
are mostly with this pattern because
accommodation is to be created in the proximity of
the railway station
 Number of flats constructed in one row with one
common wall in between two flats as shown in
previous slides

46.  Two rooms with front verandah and rear courtyard
are very common in India
 Staircase provided may be either common to two
flats or for a whole row
 The planner prefers this type because, it makes
broader and simpler composition than the
equivalent number of detached or semi-detached
houses.
 Chawls (Row) are a sort of row houses with
common services like water closet bathroom and a
washing place.

47. APARTMENTS

49.  Block of flats have developed due to increase in
land cost and more population to be
accommodated in limited area.
 Further people prefer to live near their work place in
city than spending much time and money for
travelling from their suburban home.
 A flat is a unit of two or more rooms providing
accommodation for one family.
 Generally each flat contains 3 to 4 rooms with usual
amenities.

50.  In multistory building, 3 to 4 flats are provided at
each storey with one common centralized
staircase to serve all the floors.
 Generally a few floors are provided for offices or
shops and other for residential purpose with lifts at
upper storey's.
 Separate, service unit is provided in each block.
 This type of construction is very popular in big cities
of India.

51.  In case of provision of shops at ground floor, main
entrance of each block should be easily visible and
should lead to the staircase.
 Generally 3 to 4 storey construction is made to
avoid use of lifts.
 It is also found that unit area cost of four storey
construction is minimum.
 More than 4 storey construction may be provided
with lifts besides the usual staircase

52. ADVANTAGES
1. Flats are more compact as compared to detached
or semi-detached house.
2. They make possible a more compact design, with
saving in agricultural land, saving in services and
saving travelling time.
3.There is far greater freedom in designing and
composing the building on site and obtaining
contrast in scale.

53. 4.They cause least disturbances to air area of natural
landscape making possible for greater integrated
between landscape and building.
5. Being more compact and more labour saving, it is
a more logical form of dwelling for small families.

54. REFERENCES
 NBC SP 7 2005 BIS
 Dr. N. Kumaraswamy and N. Kameshwararao,
Building planning and drawing