its all about site choosing to planning of residential building.

1. BUILDING DESIGN

3. CHAPTER-1
1) Factors affecting the selection of Site :-
i) Topography
ii) Nature of subsoil
iii) Position of the ground water table
iv) Facilities
v) Neighborhood

4. vi) Certain things those should not be near the site
vii) Vegetation
viii) Shape of the site
ix) Availability of men and materials
x) Proximity to seashore

5. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
WHATIS MEANBY PLANNING?
 By planning we mean pre-thinking and pre-
arranging things, before an event takes place,
in order to get best results in comfort, convenience,
health, happiness and efficiency.
 The object of planning of buildings is to arrange and
set out all the different units so as to satisfy
their functional requirements to the maximum
extent by making use of the available space.
 The planning of such a building is governed by
many factors like climatic conditions. site location.
functions. surrounding conditions. etc.

6. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
 The basic principles of planning are -
1.Aspect,
2. Prospect,
3. Privacy,
4. Roominess,
5. Grouping,
6. Circulation,
7. Furniture requirement,
8. Flexibility,
9. Sanitation,
10. Elegance, and
11. Economy.

7. (1) Aspect –
 It is the proper placement of different rooms of the
building so that the occupants can
enjoy the gifts of nature such as sun-shine, breeze,
view of the landscape at different hours of the day.
 Aspect not only provides comfort but it is important from
hygienic point of view. By careful disposition of doors
and windows in external walls, it is possible to admit
sun's rays and air into any desired room.
 aspect depends upon the direction of the sun
light. air, rain etc.

9. (2) prospect –
 Prospect refers to the view as seen of the outside
from the windows in general and doors in external
walls.
 It is determined by the view as desired from certain
rooms of the building such as view of the garden,
beautiful scene, a nearby hill etc.
 Prospect includes taking full advantage of the
beauties of nature in the landscape by revealing to
the occupant certain pleasant features and at the
same time concealing some undesirable views in a
given outlook.
 Prospect depends upon the surroundings of the
building

11. (3) Privacy -
 Privacy is the one of the most important
considerations in the planning of buildings of all
types in general and residential buildings in
particular.
 Privacy is of two types :
(i) Privacy of all parts of a building with reference to
the surrounding buildings, streets and by-ways.
This can be achieved by growing plants, trees and
also by keeping windows high enough with respect
to roads or ground near by.

12. (ii) Privacy of one room from another
 i.e. bed-room, kitchen, bath-room etc. This can be
attained by carefully positioning of doors and
openings of shutters.
 The shutters should open in such a way that a
person entering the room should get the minimum
view See Fig. 3.3 (c).
 For maximum privacy such as in bed-room single
shutters are better than double shutters."

13.  Privacy is of great importance in bed-rooms,
water-closet (W.C), urinals, and bath-rooms etc.
Bed-rooms should never be placed at the
entrance.
 Bathrooms and W.C. should have independent
access.
 Privacy is not only for the above purpose but for
Library, study rooms and prayer halls may be
located in a particular part of a building.

15. (4) Roominess –
 It refers to the effect achieved by making the best
of small portions of room by deriving
maximum benefit from minimum dimensions.
 It appears to be simple at first but really difficult
to achieve.
 A rectangular room is relatively bigger than a
square room of the same area. It is also found more
convenient from utility point of view See Fig. 3.4 (a),
and (b).

16.  For a rectangular room the length to width ratio
should be between 1.2 : 1 and 1.5 : 1
 A ratio 2 : 1 or more will cause "tunnel" effect and
create bad feeling which should be avoided.

18. (5) Grouping -
 Grouping means arrangement of various rooms in
the layout in such a fashion that all the
rooms e placed with reference to their functions and
in due proximity with each other.
 The building consists of units, or rooms in general.
Each room or unit has to perform certain function or
functions and there is also some sort of sequence
in between them.
 Bad grouping lacks in privacy.

19.  Generally people like to sit in the verandah as such
living room should naturally be next to it.
 Dining room must be close to the kitchen. At the
same time, the kitchen should be away
from the drawing or living room, otherwise the bad
smell and smoke will cause nuisance for
the occupants.
 Sanitary arrangements should be adjacent to the
bed-rooms but away from the kitchen, dining room.
There should be an independent access to sanitary
units.

20.  The kitchen should be so located that the house-
wife who is busy for the major part of the day, can
keep a watch through the window.
 'W1 ' on the children playing in front yard and also
entry of any intruder. See Fig. 3.5 (a).

22. (7) Circulation -
 Circulation is the access or the internal movement
is provided.
 Circulation is of two types. One is the horizontal
circulation and the other is vertical circulation.
 If the movement is for the same floor and may be
from one room to another or within the room itself,
then it is called horizontal circulation.

23.  The horizontal circulation can be achieved by
providing passages, corridors, lobbies, verandahs,
and halls.
 It should be straight, short, sufficiently
lighted and well ventilated to provide comfort,
convenience, efficiency and safety.
 Desirable horizontal circulation has short, straight
and independent passages. It helps to provide
privacy of the room. See Fig. 3.6 (i) (a), (b) and (c).

25.  Vertical circulation is the movement from one floor
to another floor.
 It can be achieved by means of stairs, lifts and
escalators. These should be easily accessible from
entrance, various rooms without intruding privacy.
 They should also be properly lighted and ventilated.
 Stairs should be sufficiently wide with strong
balusters or parapets and handrails on both the
sides.

27. (7) Furniture requirements -
 The requirement of furniture depends on the type
of buildings, the number of persons
using the room and functions of the room.
 Therefore, the requirement of furniture, their sizes
etc. is an important consideration because the
furniture will decide the size of the room.
 To make best use of the available space in the
room, minimum furniture should be provided.

28.  So at the time of planning, the proper position of
furniture such as sofas, chairs, tables, television,
wall units in living room, beds, easy chairs,
cupboards, dressing table in bedroom;
dining table with chairs in dining room, racks, fridge
in kitchen etc. is to be decided with
proper circulation and roominess.
 The placement of furniture will finalise the location
of the doors, windows, closets, electrical switches
in the rooms.

29. Here are some important hints to be borne in
mind, while arranging the furniture.
 Furniture should satisfy the functional purpose as
well as decorative purpose.
 Furniture should be proportional to the size of the
room.
 The arrangement of furniture should be well
balanced.
 Furniture should be arranged parallel or
perpendicular to the wall but never at an angle.

30.  Minimum clearance for movement or circulation
should be provided.
 Traffic lanes should be clear of obstacles.
 Too many furniture pieces should be avoided in the
room to avoid a crowded and suffocated
look.
 Furniture arrangement should depict harmony or
unity and rhythm.
 Furniture should provide maximum utility.

31. (8) Economy -
 Economy is not the principle of planning but rather
a factor on which the planning can be
based.
 No general rules can be made to achieve economy
since the ways and means to attain it
are different in different situation.
 Economy can be achieved by keeping the minimum
dimensions of the rooms

32.  The height of the building can be kept to a minimum
of 3M for a residential building. Porches, lobbies
can be avoided.
 If the land cost is high, multistoried buildings can
be-constructed to save the cost for foundation and
roof.
 A building designed for a good strength, utility and
safety will certainly prove to be costly in the
beginning but may prove to be cheaper in the long
run as it saves the cost of maintenance in future.

33.  It should be remembered that a building or house is
immovable property and built with one's life's
saving, to last for many years to come.

34. ORIENTATION OF BUILDINGS
 Proper orientation means setting or fixing the
direction of the plan of the building which
allows the inmates of the house or building to enjoy
to the utmost whatever is good and to
avoid whatever is bad in respect of comfort in the
elements of nature.
 Orientation implies not only the direction of the front
of the house or building but also the back and two
side facing.

35.  Good orientation means proper placement of rooms
in relation to sun, wind, rain topography
and general outlook and at the same time providing
a convenient access both to the streets and back-
yard.
 Because of the surroundings of the site, nearness
of streets, and other factors like privacy, protection
against nuisance of noise and dust, the building has
to be properly oriented in a particular direction.

36.  For setting proper orientation, the planner
should study the following.
1.The sun path diagram i.e. path followed by the sun
in one year and its relative position
with respect to locality. See Fig. 3.9 (a) and 3.9 (b).
2.Direction of prevailing wind in summer and winter.
3.Rainfall and its intensity.
4. Site Conditions.

37. REFERENCES
 NBC SP 7 2005 BIS
 Dr. N. Kumaraswamy and N. Kameshwararao,
Building planning and drawing