This document provides information about different types of display devices used in computer graphics. It discusses cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, including how CRTs work using an electron gun and accelerating electrons to excite phosphors to emit light. It describes raster scan displays, which draw images as a grid of pixels by sweeping an electron beam across the screen, and random scan displays, which draw images line by line. The document also covers color CRT displays using beam penetration or a shadow mask to combine red, green, and blue phosphors at each pixel location.
It gives the detailed information about Three Dimensional Display Methods, Three dimensional Graphics Package, Interactive Input Methods and Graphical User Interface, Input of Graphical Data, Graphical Data: Input Functions, Interactive Picture-Construction
It gives the detailed information about Three Dimensional Display Methods, Three dimensional Graphics Package, Interactive Input Methods and Graphical User Interface, Input of Graphical Data, Graphical Data: Input Functions, Interactive Picture-Construction
This slide contain description about the line, circle and ellipse drawing algorithm in computer graphics. It also deals with the filled area primitive.
Computer graphics - colour crt and flat-panel displaysVishnupriya T H
CRT monitors displays colour pictures by using a combination of phosphors that emit different colored light.
There are two types - Beam penetration method and shadow mask method
This Ppt is based on the Raster animation . It explains u ablout a brief idea bout the Raster Graphics its Working with Real time Animation Examples that are used in our day to day life.
The following points are covered in this ppt
1. Introduction
2. Working of Raster Animation
3. Types of Raster Animations Modern and Traditional
4. Examples
5.Applications
6. Advantages
7. Disadvantages
Definition of Viewing & Clipping?
Viewing pipeline
Viewing the transformation system
Several types of clipping
Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping
Application of Clipping
Conclusion
Polygon is a figure having many slides. It may be represented as a number of line segments end to end to form a closed figure.
The line segments which form the boundary of the polygon are called edges or slides of the polygon.
The end of the side is called the polygon vertices.
Triangle is the most simple form of polygon having three side and three vertices.
The polygon may be of any shape.
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This slide contain description about the line, circle and ellipse drawing algorithm in computer graphics. It also deals with the filled area primitive.
Computer graphics - colour crt and flat-panel displaysVishnupriya T H
CRT monitors displays colour pictures by using a combination of phosphors that emit different colored light.
There are two types - Beam penetration method and shadow mask method
This Ppt is based on the Raster animation . It explains u ablout a brief idea bout the Raster Graphics its Working with Real time Animation Examples that are used in our day to day life.
The following points are covered in this ppt
1. Introduction
2. Working of Raster Animation
3. Types of Raster Animations Modern and Traditional
4. Examples
5.Applications
6. Advantages
7. Disadvantages
Definition of Viewing & Clipping?
Viewing pipeline
Viewing the transformation system
Several types of clipping
Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping
Application of Clipping
Conclusion
Polygon is a figure having many slides. It may be represented as a number of line segments end to end to form a closed figure.
The line segments which form the boundary of the polygon are called edges or slides of the polygon.
The end of the side is called the polygon vertices.
Triangle is the most simple form of polygon having three side and three vertices.
The polygon may be of any shape.
• Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Presentation by Daroko blog, to see More tutorials more than this one here, Daroko blog has all tutorials related with IT course, simply visit the site by simply Entering the phrase Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com) to search engines such as Google or yahoo!, learn some Blogging, affiliate marketing ,and ways of making Money with the computer graphic Applications(it is useless to learn all these tutorials when you can apply them as a student you know),also learn where you can apply all IT skills in a real Business Environment after learning Graphics another computer realate courses.ly
• Be practically real, not just academic reader
Computer Graphics and its applications, Elements of a Graphics, Graphics Systems: Video Display Devices, Raster Scan Systems, Random Scan Systems, Input devices.
: Introduction of Rendering, Raytracing, Antialiasing, Fractals
This is an introduction to 2D and 3 in computer graphics presented by daroko blog.
• Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Presentation by Daroko blog, to see More tutorials more than this one here, Daroko blog has all tutorials related with IT course, simply visit the site by simply Entering the phrase Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com) to search engines such as Google or yahoo!, learn some Blogging, affiliate marketing ,and ways of making Money with the computer graphic Applications(it is useless to learn all these tutorials when you can apply them as a student you know),also learn where you can apply all IT skills in a real Business Environment after learning Graphics another computer relate courses.ly
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Notes 2D-Transformation Unit 2 Computer graphicsNANDINI SHARMA
Notes of 2D Transformation including Translation, Rotation, Scaling, Reflection, Shearing with solved problem.
Clipping algorithm like cohen-sutherland-hodgeman, midpoint-subdivision with solved problem.
This PPT gives detailed information about Computer Graphics, Raster Scan System, Random Scan System, CRT Display, Color CRT Monitors, Input and Output Devices
Secondary storage devices are required mainly because primary storage devices are volatile and information is lost the moment power is switched off. Floppy Disks and Drive, Hard Disks, CD/DVD drive, Pen drive and magnetic tapes are some of the secondary storage devices.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAc
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Disclaimer
This is NOT A COPYRIGHT MATERIAL
Content has been taken mainly from the following books & websites:
Computer Graphics C Version By Donald Hearn, M. Pauline Baker
Schaum's outline of theory and problems of computer graphics By Zhigang Xiang, Roy A. Plastock
Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice By James D. Foley
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics
http://www.howstuffworks.com/3dgraphics.htm
http://www.graphics.cornell.edu/online/tutorial/
http://www.cgarena.com/
etc…
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
3. Display Devices
A Display Device is an Output device for presentation of Information
for Visual reception.
The Display Systems are often referred to as Video Monitor or Video
Display Unit (VDU).
Display Devices having CRT:-
DVST – Direct View Storage Tube
Random Scan
Raster Scan
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
10. Positively Charged Metal (No Accelerating Anode)
A positively charged metal coating on the inside of the CRT envelope
near the phosphor screen.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
18. Related Terms
Fluorescence – Is the light emitted as electrons lose their excess energy
while the Phosphor is being struck by electrons.
Phosphorescence – Is the light given off by the return of the relatively
more stable excited electrons to their unexcited state, once the electron
beam excitation is removed.
Persistence – Time from the removal of the excitation to the moment
when Phosphorescence has decayed to 10% of the Initial Light Output.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
19. Raster Scan Display
Raster Scan is the representation of images as a collection of pixels/dots
(A Rectangular array of Points or Dots)
Pixel: One Dot or Picture element of the Raster
Scan Line: A Row of Pixels
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TU, CSED
20. Raster Scan Display (contd.)
In a Raster Scan System, the electron beam is swept across the screen,
one row at a time from top to bottom.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
21. Raster Scan Display (contd.)
Picture Definition is stored in a memory area called the Refresh Buffer
or Frame Buffer.
Refresh Buffer or Frame Buffer This memory area holds the set of
intensity values for all the screen points.
Stored Intensity values then retrieved from refresh buffer and “painted”
on the screen one row (scan line) at a time.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
24. Architecture - Raster System
In addition to the Central Processing Unit (CPU), a special processor,
called the Video Controller or Display Controller, is used to control the
operation of the Display Device.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
25. Architecture - Raster System (Conti…)
A fixed area of the system memory is reserved for the frame buffer, and
the video controller is given direct access to the frame buffer memory.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
26. Pixel Coordinate System
In a Pixel Coordinate System the Pixel at the Lower Left corner of
an image is considered to be at the origin (0,0).
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
27. Cartesian Coordinates
Screen Positions, are referenced in Cartesian Coordinates.
Scan Lines are then labeled from ymax at the top of the screen to 0 at the
bottom. Along each scan line, screen pixel positions are labeled from 0
to xmax.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
29. Random Scan Display
In a Random Scan Display, a CRT has the electron beam directed only
to the parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn.
Random Scan monitors draw a picture One Line at a time (Vector
Display, Stroke – Writing or Calligraphic Displays).
Refresh rate depends on the number of lines to be displayed.
Picture Definition is now stored as a Line-Drawing Commands an
area of memory referred to as refresh display file (display list).
To Display a Picture, the system cycle through the set of commands in
the display file, drawing each component line in turn.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
30. Random Scan Display
The component lines of a picture can be drawn and refreshed.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
33. Random Scan Display
Random Scan Displays are designed to draw all the component lines of
a picture 30 to 60 times each second.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
35. Random Scan Drawing
Random scan displays are designed for line drawing applications and
can not display realistic shaded scenes.
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TU, CSED
37. Bitmap / Pixmap
A Black-and-White System: Each Screen Point is either ON or OFF,
so only one bit per pixel is needed to control the intensity of screen
positions.
On a Black-and-White System with one bit per pixel, the Frame Buffer
is called BITMAP.
For system with multiple bits per pixel, the Frame Buffer is called
PIXMAP.
Sometimes, refresh rates are described in unit of cycles per second, or
Hertz (HZ)
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
38. Color CRT Monitors
A CRT monitor displays color pictures by using a combination of
phosphors that emit different COLOR lights.
Methods:-
1. Beam Penetration
2. Shadow Mask
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
39. Beam Penetration Method
Used with Random Scan monitors.
Two layers of phosphor (red and green) are coated onto the inside of the
CRT screen.
The display color depends on how far the electron beam penetrates
into the phosphor layers.
The speed of the electrons, and the screen color at any point, is
controlled by the beam acceleration voltage.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
40. Beam Penetration Method (contd.)
Only 4 colors are possible (red, green, orange, and yellow).
Quality of pictures is not as good as with other methods.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
41. Shadow Mask Method
The color CRT has:-
Three color phosphor dots (red, green and blue) at each point on the
screen.
Three electron guns, each controlling the display of red, green and
blue light.
2 Methods for Implementation:-
1. Delta Method.
2. Inline Method.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
42. Shadow Mask Method (contd.)
Used in raster scan system (including color TV)
We obtain color variations by varying the intensity levels of the three
electron beam.
Designed as RGB monitors.
High quality raster graphics system have 24 bits per pixel in the frame
buffer (a Full Color System or a True Color System)
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
48. Flat Panel Displays
A class of video devices that have reduce volume and weight compared
to a CRT.
A significant feature of Flat Panel Displays is that they are thinner than
CRTs.
Current uses for Flat Panel Displays:
Small TV monitors
Calculators
Pocket video games
Laptop computers
Advertisement board in elevators
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
49. Flat CRT
Electron beams are accelerated parallel to the screen, then deflected 90º
to the screen.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
50. Plasma Panel
A layer of gas (usually neon) is sandwiched between two glass plates.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
52. Plasma Panel (Conti…)
By applying high voltage to a pair of horizontal & vertical conductors, a
small section of the gas at the intersection of the conductors break down
into glowing plasma of electrons and ions.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
53. Thin Film Electroluminescent
The region between the glass plates is filled with a phosphor, such as
zinc sulfide doped with manganese.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
54. Light Emitting Diode (LED)
A matrix of diodes is arranged to form the pixel positions in the display,
and picture definition is stored in a refresh buffer.
Information is read from the refreshed buffer and converted to voltage
levels that are applied to the diodes to produce the light patterns in the
display.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
55. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD)
Used in small systems, such as calculators, laptop computers.
Produce a picture by passing polarized light (from the surrounding
or from an internal light source) through a liquid-crystal material that
can be aligned to either block or transmit the light.
Two glass plates, each containing a light polarizer at right angles to the
other plate, sandwich the liquid crystal materials.
Rows of horizontal transparent conductor & columns of vertical
conductors (put into glass plates)
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
57. Off State
To turn off the pixel, we apply a voltage to the two intersecting
conductor to align the molecules so that the light is not twisted.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
58. On State
Polarized light passing through the material is twisted so that it
will pass through the opposite polarizer.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
61. The RGB Color Model
R, G, and B represent the colors produced by red, green and blue
phosphors, respectively.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
62. Color Depth, Bit Depth
The number of discrete intensities that the video card is capable of
generating for each color determines the maximum number of colors
that can be displayed.
The Number of Memory Bits required to store color information
(intensity values for all three primary color components) about a pixel is
called COLOR DEPTH or BIT DEPTH.
A minimum of one memory bit (color depth=1) is required to store
intensity value either 0 or 1 for every screen pixel.
If there are n pixels in an image a total of n bits memory used for storing
intensity values (in a pure black & white image)
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
63. Bit Plane
The block of memory which stores (or is mapped with) intensity values
for each pixel (B& W image) is called a Bit Plane or Bitmap.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
64. 3 Bit Color Display
Color or gray levels can be achieved in the display using additional bit
planes.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
65. N Bit Planes & True Color
The result for n bits per pixel (color depth=n) is a collection of n bit
planes (2n colors or gray shades at every pixel)
For TRUE COLOR three bytes of information are used, one for each
of the red, blue and green signals that make a pixel.
A byte can hold 256 different values and so 256 intensities setting are
possible for each electron gun which mean each primary color can have
256 intensities (256*256*256 color possible)
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
73. Horizontal/Vertical Retrace
Horizontal Retrace: The return to the left of the screen, after refreshing
each scan line.
Vertical Retrace: At the end of each frame the electron beam returns to
the top left corner of the screen to begin/start again.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
74. Interlacing
On some raster systems (TV), each frame is displays in two passes using
an interlaced refresh procedure.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
76. Aspect Ratio
The ASPECT RATIO of an image is the ratio of the width of the image
to its height, measured in Unit length or number of pixels. e.g. 2 x 2 inch
image and a 512 x 512 image would have an Aspect ratio of 1
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED
77. Resolution
Can be defined as the Number of Pixels per unit Length.
Normally Image Size is given as Total Number of pixels in Horizontal
direction times the Total number of pixels in Vertical direction.
e.g. 512 x 512, 1024 x 768 etc.
Vinay Arora
TU, CSED