The central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) have 3 general functions: collect information through receptors, process and evaluate information, and respond to information. Neurons communicate via action potential propagation and neurotransmitter release. The sensory division has somatic and visceral components, with visceral sensory being part of the autonomic nervous system. The motor division has somatic and autonomic components. Nervous tissue in the CNS contains glial cells and neurons. During development, the neural plate forms the neural groove and neural tube from ectoderm. The CNS contains around 100 billion neurons organized into the brain and spinal cord.

1. Central Nervous System

2. OrganizationWhat are the 3 general functions of the CNS and PNS?Collect information (receptors)Process and Evaluate InformationRespond to informationHow do neurons communicate with each other?action potential propagation and neurotransmitter release

3. Sensory DivisionList and define the 2 subdivisions of he sensory division of the nervous system?Somatic sensorytouch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, proprioception, and special sensesVisceral sensoryblood vessels and viscera-temperature and stretchIs “visceral sensory” part of autonomic system? Why or why not?

4. Motor DivisionList and define the 2 subdivisions of he motor division of the nervous system?Somatic motorCNS to skeletal musclesVoluntaryAutonomic motorCNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandsInvoluntary

5. We see the posterior root is sensory & anterior root is motor. Do they stay separate like this?

6. Nervous tissue cells of the CNSFlash cards only give us the following: Glial cells, which are supportiveNeurons, which are excitable

7. Relate these structures

8. 3-week old embryoThis process of forming a nervous system is called “_____”The nervous system arises from which germ layer?

9. Do you recall?In order for neurulation to occur there must already be 3 germ layers. Do you recall what the process was for making 3 germ layers?Gastrulation! It resulted in ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

10. DevelopmentDuring the development of the nervous system, what longitudinal indentation forms from the neural plate?Neural grooveDuring the development of the nervous system, what hollow structure is formed as the neural folds meet?Neural tube

11. DevelopmentWhat is the thickened portion of tissue over the notochord called?Neural plate

13. What becomes of the notochord?

14. Side note (not in flash cards)Neurons grow until they reach their target organ and form a synapse. If they don’t reach the target they die (apoptosis). Even after neuromuscular connections are made, some are eliminated until each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron. For example, 20,000 motor neurons are formed in the spinal cord of the chick but ~half die.

16. How many neurons make up the CNS?100 billion (mostly in brain)What is the average volume of the human brain?1200 ccSize matters not—you are ALL brilliant and possess the most complex machine in the known universe

17. Brain Tissue OrganizationWhat is the superficial sheet of gray matter covering most of the adult brain?CortexCerebral and CerebellarWithin the interior of the brain, what are clusters of gray matter?Cerebral nuclei

20. Discuss the dural septa

21. Name passages between ventriclesHow does CSF leave the brain?How is CSF drained?

23. CerebrumWhat are the functions of the cerebrum?IntelligenceReasoningSensory perceptionThoughtMemoryJudgmentVoluntary motor, visual, and auditory fcns

24. Cerebral Hemispheres3 points about the cerebral hemispheres1) it is usually difficult to assign a precise function to a specific region2) Usually the hemisphere receives information from and sends motor commands to the opposite side of the body3) The hemispheres display functional differences (lateralization)

26. Lobes of the CerebrumList the primary functions of the frontal lobe.Voluntary motor functionsConcentrationVerbal communicationDecision makingPlanningPersonality

27. Lobes of the CerebrumWhat are the functions of the lobe of the cerebrum that forms the superoposterior part of each cerebral hemisphere (Parietal)?General sensory functionsE.g. evaluating shape and textureUnderstanding languageShares Wernike’s with Temporal lobe

28. Lobes of the CerebrumWhat are the functions of the lobe of the cerebrum that lies inferior to the lateral sulcus (Temporal)?Hearing and smellInterpretation and storage

29. Lobes of the CerebrumWhat are the functions of the lobe of the cerebrum that forms the most posterior region of each cerebral hemisphere (Occipital)?Perceive visual informationStore and use visual memories

30. Lobes of the CerebrumWhat are the apparent functions of the small, deep lobe of each cerebral hemisphere lies deep to the lateral sulcus (Insula)?MemoryTaste interpretation

31. Functional Areas of the CerebrumThe primary motor cortex is located within what structure of the brain?Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

33. Note motor speech area & frontal eye field in the frontal lobe

34. Functional Areas of the CerebrumWhat is the function of the association areas within the cerebrum?Integrate new sensory inputs with memories

35. Note auditory association area & visual association area

36. Cerebral White MatterWhat are bundles of myelinated axons that lie deep to the cerebral cortex?TractsProjection (linking cerebrum to lower brain structures)Association (linking multiple places in cerebrum, but on one side or the other)Commissural (linking similar parts on the two hemispheres)

37. Association tracts stay within a hemisphere

38. Note nuclei also

39. DiencephalonWhat part of the brain is composed of the epithalamus, right and left thalami, and the hypothalamus?Diencephalon

40. DiencephalonWhat is the function of the thalamus?Final relay for sensory information projected to the primary sensory cortex Filter sensory informationInform cerebrum where sensory information is coming from

42. DiencephalonWhat are the functions of the hypothalamus?Master control of ANSMaster control of endocrine systemRegulate temperatureControl emotional behaviorControl food intakeControl water intakeRegulate sleep/wake cycles

43. OxytocinADH

45. BrainstemWhat 3 regions form the brainstem?MidbrainPonsMedulla oblongata

48. MesencephalonWithin the midbrain what are the motor tracts located on the anterolateral surfaces?Cerebral pedunclesWithin the midbrain what is the “body of 4 twins”?Corpora quadrigemina

49. MesencephalonWhat are the “visual reflex centers” of the midbrain?Superior colliculiWhat are the “auditory reflex centers” of the midbrain?Inferior colliculi

51. CerebellumWhat is the function of the cerebellum?Coordinate (and fine tune) skeletal muscle movementsMaintain equilibrium and posture

52. CerebellumWhat thick tracts connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?Cerebellar pedunclesSuperior to mesencephalonMiddle to ponsInferior to medulla oblongata