Articulations
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There are three main types of articulations or joints: fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. Fibrous joints are immovable, cartilaginous joints are slightly movable, and synovial joints are freely movable. Synovial joints can be uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial, allowing movement in one, two, or multiple planes. Common synovial joints include ball-and-socket, hinge, gliding, saddle, and condyloid joints.
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Joints, or articulations, are the structures where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement and providing mechanical support. They are essential for a wide range of motions and functions in the human body. Here's a detailed description of joints:
### Types of Joints Based on Structure:
1. **Fibrous Joints**:
- **Description**: Connected by dense connective tissue rich in collagen.
- **Movement**: Generally immovable (synarthrotic).
- **Examples**: Sutures in the skull, syndesmoses between long bones like the tibia and fibula.
2. **Cartilaginous Joints**:
- **Description**: Bones connected entirely by cartilage (either hyaline or fibrocartilage).
- **Movement**: Allow limited movement (amphiarthrotic).
- **Examples**: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.
3. **Synovial Joints**:
- **Description**: Characterized by a fluid-filled synovial cavity that separates the articulating bones.
- **Movement**: Freely movable (diarthrotic), with various degrees and types of movement depending on the specific joint type.
- **Examples and Subtypes**:
- **Hinge Joints**: Permit flexion and extension (e.g., elbow, knee).
- **Ball-and-Socket Joints**: Allow rotational movement and a wide range of motion (e.g., shoulder, hip).
- **Pivot Joints**: Enable rotational movement around a single axis (e.g., atlantoaxial joint in the neck).
- **Gliding Joints**: Allow sliding or gliding movements (e.g., intercarpal joints in the wrist).
- **Saddle Joints**: Permit movement along two planes (e.g., thumb joint).
- **Condyloid Joints**: Allow movement but no rotation (e.g., wrist joint between the radius and carpal bones).
### Types of Joints Based on Function:
1. **Synarthroses**:
- **Description**: Immovable joints providing strong, stable connections.
- **Examples**: Skull sutures.
2. **Amphiarthroses**:
- **Description**: Slightly movable joints.
- **Examples**: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.
3. **Diarthroses**:
- **Description**: Freely movable joints, synonymous with synovial joints.
- **Examples**: Most limb joints like the knee, hip, shoulder.
### Joint Anatomy:
- **Cartilage**: Covers the ends of bones, providing a smooth surface for movement and cushioning.
- **Synovial Membrane**: Lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid for lubrication.
- **Ligaments**: Strong bands of connective tissue that connect bones and stabilize the joint.
- **Tendons**: Connect muscle to bone, aiding in joint movement.
- **Bursae**: Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between moving structures within the joint.
### Functions of Joints:
- **Movement**: Facilitate a range of bodily movements, from gross motor functions like walking and lifting to fine motor skills like writing and typing.
- **Support**: Maintain the body's structure and posture.
- **Protection**: Protect internal structures by providing cushioning and absorbing impact.
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More from Kevin Young
Arteries & veins of the upper body
The aortic arch gives rise to three major arteries: the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. The brachiocephalic trunk separates into the right subclavian and right common carotid arteries. These arteries supply blood to the head, neck, brain, and arms. Veins in the upper body including the internal and external jugular, subclavian, and brachial veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava.
Autonomic Nervous System
This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It discusses the two divisions of the ANS - the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is involved in the fight or flight response and increases heart rate, breathing, etc. The parasympathetic division is involved in rest and digest functions like digestion. The document details the pathways, ganglia, nerves and effects of both divisions. It notes that the hypothalamus and brainstem have significant control over autonomic function.
Peripheral Nervous System
The document provides an overview of the peripheral nervous system, including details about cranial nerves, the spinal cord, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerve plexuses. It discusses the names, functions, and pathways of 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It describes the gross anatomy and histology of the spinal cord, as well as the organization and branches of spinal nerves. Finally, it reviews the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses and their contributions to innervation of the head, neck, upper limbs, lower limbs, and pelvis.
Central Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) have 3 general functions: collect information through receptors, process and evaluate information, and respond to information. Neurons communicate via action potential propagation and neurotransmitter release. The sensory division has somatic and visceral components, with visceral sensory being part of the autonomic nervous system. The motor division has somatic and autonomic components. Nervous tissue in the CNS contains glial cells and neurons. During development, the neural plate forms the neural groove and neural tube from ectoderm. The CNS contains around 100 billion neurons organized into the brain and spinal cord.
03 Cartilage And Bone Connective Tissue
This document provides an overview of bones and bone structure. It discusses how bones support vital organs, provide muscle attachments, and allow for body movement. It covers different bone cell types like osteoblasts and osteoclasts, bone growth and development, bone fractures and healing, and age-related bone conditions like osteoporosis. A variety of bone structures, features, and development processes are examined, from long bone anatomy to skull development.
02 Integumentary System
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its derivatives such as hair, nails and glands. The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of multiple layers of keratinized, dead skin cells that help protect the body. Below this is the dermis, which contains blood vessels, hair follicles, glands and nerves. The deepest layer, the hypodermis, is made of connective tissue and fat. The skin helps protect the body, regulates temperature and eliminates wastes.
09 Tissues
This document summarizes the four primary tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It focuses on epithelial and connective tissues, describing their characteristics, functions and major classifications/types. For epithelial tissue, it discusses membranous and glandular epithelia, as well as simple, stratified, pseudostratified and transitional epithelial types based on layering and cell shape. For connective tissue, it describes the components and functions, then subclasses into connective tissue proper, supporting and fluid connective tissues.
08 Embryology
This document summarizes key aspects of embryology from conception through the fetal period in 3 sentences:
The pre-embryonic period ranges from conception through implantation and involves cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, and implantation. During the embryonic period, gastrulation forms the three germ layers and organogenesis develops the major organ systems. The fetal period occurs from the 9th week of development until birth, in which time the fetus continues to grow and develop in preparation for extrauterine life.
Anat Cells
Introduction to cells in general, size and shape of cells, the role of various organelles, prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cells
00 Anatomy Framework
Introduction to science, evolution, and anatomy as a discipline. Humans in a phylogenetic framework, and a highlight of important figures in the history of anatomy.
Axial Skeleton Skull
Slides to accompany an anatomy lecture to introduce axial skeleton and go through each bone of the skull
00 Anatomy Framework
The document discusses the anatomical framework that classifies humans as members of the animal kingdom and mammalian class. It provides an overview of human anatomy and evolutionary traits shared with other mammals. The history of human anatomy is explored, from early Egyptian and Greek understandings, through the influential work of Galen and Vesalius, to modern reference texts like Gray's Anatomy.
Chemistry How Can Students Be Successful
The document provides strategies for being successful in chemistry by learning how to learn effectively. It recommends previewing materials before class, actively participating in lectures, reviewing notes within hours of class, and doing intense but broken up study sessions. Memorization alone is not sufficient for learning; meaningful learning ties new concepts to prior knowledge and allows understanding to be applied more broadly. Doing homework by first studying concepts without examples and then attempting problems independently can help prepare for exams more than just completing assignments.
More from Kevin Young (13)
Articulations
- 2. ARTICULATIONS? Also known as joints Created between: bones bone and cartilage bones and teeth
- 3. 3 MAIN STRUCTURAL CATEGORIES FIBROUS JOINTS CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS SYNOVIAL JOINTS
- 4. FUNCTIONALLY 3 CATEGORIES SYNARTHROSIS (immobile) AMPHIARTHROSIS (slightly movable) DIARTHROSIS (freely movable)
- 5. FIBROUS JOINTS GOMPHOSIS (tooth to jaw) SUTURE (cranial sutures) SYNDESMOSIS (between radius and ulna)
- 6. Cartilaginous joints SYNCHONDROSIS (epiphyseal/growth plates) SYMPHYSIS (pubic symphysis)
- 7. SYNOVIAL UNIAXIAL (one plane, i.e elbow joints) BIAXIAL (two planes, MP joints) MULTIAXIAL ( multiple planes, glenohumeral joint) 7
- 8. BURSA contains synovial fluid/ helps lessen friction at a joint 8
- 9. JOINTS PIVOT JOINT BALL AND SOCKET JOINT 9
- 10. HINGE JOINT GLIDING JOINT 10
- 11. SADDLE JOINT CONDYLOID JOINT 11
- 12. ANGULAR MOTION movement at synovial joints abduction adduction flexion 12
- 13. extension hyperextension 13
- 14. circumduction 14
- 15. SPECIAL MOVEMENTS DEPRESSION ELEVATION DORSIFLEXION 15
- 16. PLANTAR FLEXION EVERSION INVERSION 16
- 17. PRONATION SUPINATION 17
- 18. RETRACTION PROTRACTION 18