The document discusses the anatomy of the nervous system. It describes the surfaces and lobes of the cerebral hemispheres, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. It also discusses the ventricle system, including the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, and cerebral aqueduct. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three peduncles. Several cranial foramina that transmit nerves and vessels are also described.

1. Nervous System Anatomy
Dr. Shahbaz Ahmad PT
DPT [UIPT][UOL]
MS-MSK-PT [UIPT][UOL]*
LECTURER [LIHS][LCPS]

19. Cortex and medulla

20. Longitudinal Fissure
Cerebral hemisphere

21. Surfaces of cerebral hemisphere
Each cerebral hemisphere
has three surfaces
I. Superolateral surface
II. Medial surface
III. Inferior surface.
 Inferior surface further
divided into two
i. Orbital surface
ii. Tentorial surface

22. Surfaces of cerebral hemisphere………contd.
Superolateral surface
It follows the concavity of the cranial vault
Medial surface
It is flat and vertical and seperated from its fellow by the
great longitudinal fissure and falx cerebri.
Inferior surface
Inferior surface or the basal surface is irregular and divided
into orbital and tentorial surface.

23. Superolateral
Medial surface
Surfaces of the brain

24. Inferior surface
Orbital surface
Tentorial surface

25. Borders of cerebral hemisphere
Superomedial border
Inferior border

26. Occipital
pole
Frontal pole
Temporal
pole
Poles of the brain

27. Lobes of the brain
Four lobes are
present
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal
 Occasionally
insula is
considered as the
fifth lobe

28. Gyrus and sulcuses
Each cerebral hemisphere
shows a complex pattern
of convulation called
Gyrus
The gyruses are separated
by furrows of varying
length called Sulci.
The convulated structure
increases the cortical
volume to three times
what it would be if the
surface is smooth.
The area of the cerebral
cortex is 2200cm²
Sulci
(Groove)
Fissure
(Deep groove)
Gyri
(Elevation)

29. Cerebral Cortex Lobes
• Frontal Lobes -involved with decision-making,
problem solving, and planning
• Occipital Lobes-involved with vision and color
recognition
• Parietal Lobes - receives and processes sensory
information
• Temporal Lobes - involved with emotional
responses, memory, and speech

33. Foramen rotundum
Present at the anterior
and medial part of
sphenoid bone.
Structures passing
a. Maxillary nerve
b. Emissary veins

34. Foramen ovale
Located in the anterior
part of sphenoid
bone,posterolateral to
foramen rotundum
Structures passing
• Mandibular nerve
• Accessory meningeal
artey
• Lesser petrosal nerve
• Emissary veins

35. Foramen spinosum
Foramen spinosum
may be absent in 2% of
the cases.
Situated posterolateral
to foramen ovale
Transmits following
structures
• Middle meningeal
artery
•Nervous spinosus from
mandibular nerve
• Middle meninigeal vein

36. Foramen magnum
 Latin”great hole” is
present in the occipital
bone
It transmits
• Medulla
oblongata,vertebral
arteries
• Anterior and Posterior
spinal arteries
• Spinal accessory nerve
•Membrana tectoria,Alar
ligaments.

37. Superior Orbital Fissure
• CN III, IV, V1, VI
• Middle meningeal artery-
orbital branch
• Recurrent meningeal artery
• Superior opthalmic vein
Jugular foramen
 Anterior compartment
• Inferior petrosal sinus
 intermediate compartment
• Cranial nerve IX,X,XI
 Posterior compartment
• Internal jogular vein
• Meningeal branches of
occipital and ascending
pharyngeal artery

41. Horizontal fissure
vermis
Primary
fissure
Hemisphere
External surface of cerebellum

42. The cerebellum is connected to
Brain stem by three peduncles
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Midbr
ainMiddle cerebellar peduncle
Pon
sInferior cerebellar peduncle
Medulla
ablongata

61. Ventricle System

62.  C-shaped cavity & may be divided into :
2. Anterior
horn
1. Body
3. Posterior
horn
4. Inferior
horn
Third
ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
Lateral view of the ventricular cavities of the brain

67. Choroid plexus of the
lateral ventricle
Site of CSF formation
1. Lateral ventricle
2. Third ventricle
Interventricular foramina
3. Fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
3.2 Lateral
foramina
(Luschka)
3.1 Median
foramen
(Magendie)
3.2 Lateral
foramina
(Luschka)
4. Subarachnoid space
Inferiorly
Superiorly
Absorbed
Superiorly
Absorbed

68. CLINICAL APPLICATION
Hydrocephalus
• The term
hydrocephalus is
derived from the Greek
words "hydro" meaning
water and "cephalus"
meaning head.
• It is excessive
accumulation of fluid in
the brain.

69. Blood Supply of Brain