- Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and convert chemical energy into physical energy to cause movement. They are composed of multiple tissue types including muscle, epithelial, nervous, and connective tissues.
- There are three main types of muscle: skeletal muscle (attached to bones), smooth muscle (found deeper in the body), and cardiac muscle (found only in the heart).
- The endomysium is the innermost connective tissue layer that surrounds each individual muscle fiber.
At the end of the session the audience will be able to-
Classify muscles and their location in the body.
Connective tissue covering and different parts of skeletal muscle.
Classify different types of skeletal muscles.
Explain different functional terms related to muscle action.
Understand and discuss some principles related to skeletal muscles.
At the end of the session the audience will be able to-
Classify muscles and their location in the body.
Connective tissue covering and different parts of skeletal muscle.
Classify different types of skeletal muscles.
Explain different functional terms related to muscle action.
Understand and discuss some principles related to skeletal muscles.
Muscles of the axial skeleton. Pictures of the muscles, origins, insertions, actions. Does not include all the muscles we discussed in class, but includes some fun photos & side notes.
A half hour talk for around 80 National Honor students on using Wikipedia effectively for academia. An updated version of this Powerpoint has been uploaded on 5/13/08 at 12.20pm. You can also view the video of this talk at http://theory.isthereason.com/?p=2192
Skeletal system
Divisions of skeletal system,
types of bone,
salient features and functions
of bones of axial and appendicular skeletal system Organization of skeletal muscle,
physiology of muscle contraction,
neuromuscular junction.
Muscles,
Faculty of Medicine,
Alexandria University,
Medical Student: Mohammed Yasir Taha Alkhammas,
Under Supervision: Professor Dr. Nancy Mohamed El Sekily
This compulsory module examines the scientific foundations of human movement. In this module, students explore how the body moves and why it moves in particular ways. Students focus on the relationships between anatomy, physiology, fitness, biomechanics and efficient human movement.
Introduction to science, evolution, and anatomy as a discipline. Humans in a phylogenetic framework, and a highlight of important figures in the history of anatomy.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Much of this chapter in your text deals with how muscles function at the cellular level . We will NOT discuss that in this class because the cellular activity of muscle is normally covered in the Human Physiology (Biol 2420) class.
2. Muscles convert chemical energy into physical energy to help bones to move, hollow tubes to contract, or to pump blood. Muscles are considered organs because they are composed many different types of tissue (muscle, epithelial, nervous, connective, etc.)
3. Skeletal muscles are those muscles attached to bones and are easily seen on the body’s exterior. However, other types of muscle (smooth muscle and cardiac muscle) are found deeper in the body.
4. Open heart surgery Lung Heart Smooth muscle is essential for propelling materials through our internal tubes Cardiac muscle , found only in the walls of the heart, pumps blood
5. All muscles are excitable, contractile, elastic and extensible . This means when nerves stimulate the biceps brachii, it contracts, and the opposing triceps brachii relaxes and extends.
6. A muscle cell on the anterior side of the arm may extend up to 35 centimeters and have a diameter of about 100 micrometers (about the same thickness of a fine human hair). Because of their potentially extraordinary length, skeletal muscle cells are often referred to as muscle fibers . Make this addition to your notes!
7. Skeletal muscle functions to pull on bones to use them as lever systems, maintain posture, generate heat for temperature control, promote storage and movement of materials in the body, and to support and stabilize body walls.
8. (Muscle cell) Contents of muscle cell In general, a skeletal muscle is composed of layers of skeletal muscle fibers (muscle cells), blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue sheaths that surround the muscle fibers and connect muscle to bone. Bone Note the epimysium, which is dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle .
9. ( Muscle cell) (Muscle cell) Contents of muscle cell The perimysium surrounds bundles of muscle cells (fasicles) The endomysium is the innermost connective tissue layer and surrounds each individual muscle cell (muscle fiber).
10. Fascia can be either superficial or deep. It is continuous with the epimysium
14. WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE LAYER THAT IS THE INNERMOST AND SURROUNDS EACH INDIVIDUAL MUSCLE FIBER (MUSCLE CELL)? A EPIMYSIUM B ENDOMYSIUM C DEEP FASCIA D PERIMYSIUM E MYELIN SHEATH
15. At the ends of a muscle the connective tissue layers merge to form a fibrous, cordlike tendon , which typically attaches to bone.
18. The origin is usually the more proximal stationary attachment while the insertion is typically distal and is the moveable attachment.
19. There is extensive blood and nerve supply to the skeletal muscles
20. Motor neurons are also called efferent neurons because they travel away from the center of activity, which is the central nervous system. They innervate muscle fibers within the muscle.
21. Muscle fibers will atrophy if they are not periodically stimulated to contract. We learned earlier, that if the muscles or nerves are damaged, pulling stress on the periosteum will diminish and bone density will also decrease .
22.
23. Sensory neurons are also called afferent neurons because they travel towards the central nervous system. They send impulses to the brain and spinal cord about the activity of the muscles.
24. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A CORRECT STATEMENT? A AFFERENT NEURONS CONDUCT IMPULSES TO THE SPINAL CORD B MOTOR NEURONS ARE EFFERENT NEURONS C RHABDOMYOLYSIS IS TREATED WITH BAKING SODA D HYPNIC JERKS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED BRAIN FUNCTION E ALL OF THE ABOVE
25. Circular muscles have their fibers concentrically arranged around an opening or recess.
26. Pectoralis major Convergent muscles have widespread muscle fibers that converge on a common attachment site.
27. Parallel muscles have fascicules (bundles of muscle fibers) that run parallel to its long axis. Examples are the rectus abdominis and the biceps brachii.
28. Pennate muscles are so named because their tendons and muscle fibers resemble a large feather.
29. A lever is an elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum Effort arm Resistance arm
30. Bones are the levers, the joint is the pivot or fulcrum (F), the muscle provides the effort (E), and the resistance (R) is what is being moved. Please note that the effort (E) is truly located where the tendon attaches to the bone (lever)! Effort (E)
35. Rising onto the ball of the foot (distal ends of metatarsals) by contacting the calf muscles is an example of a second-class lever system.
36.
37. Flexion of the elbow is an example of a third-class lever system. Remember, the effort (E) is where the tendon attaches to the bone (lever)!
38. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS CORRECT ABOUT THE PROCESS OF EXTENDING YOUR TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT? A IT IS A FIRST CLASS LEVER SYSTEM B IT INCORPORATES A MULTIAXIAL JOINT C IT IS A THIRD CLASS LEVER SYSTEM D IT UTILIZES A CONDYLOID JOINT E IT IS A SECOND CLASS LEVER SYSTEM
40. The muscle that opposes the prime mover (agonist) is called the antagonist
41. The quadriceps femoris muscles composed of four distinct muscles (only three shown here as the fourth is deep) are synergistic in extending the leg at the knee joint.
42. Skeletal muscles are named on the basis of shape, location, attachment, orientation of fibers, relative position, or function.
45. In a person’s mid-30s, a slow progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass begins as a direct result of increasing inactivity.
46. Aging causes muscular atrophy, decreased cardiovascular performance, easy fatigue, loss of muscle elasticity, and poor muscle healing following injury
47. These adverse changes can be delayed by regular moderate exercise and good nutrition.
48. Child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy Read about the neuromuscular diseases in the clinical view in your text ( except for myasthenia gravis)