The document provides information about the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It discusses the major components and functions of the brain and spinal cord. It also describes the anatomy and functions of neurons, glial cells, and cranial nerves. Additionally, it summarizes the structures and roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

1. Central Nervous System www.freelivedoctor.com

2. Neural Tissue Anatomical subdivisions of NS Made up of neurons and neuroglia cells www.freelivedoctor.com

4. Peripheral Nervous System www.freelivedoctor.com

24. Arachnoid granulations: This is where the CSF produced in the choroid plexuses of the ventricles and which has circulated into the subarachnoid space is reabsorbed. Longitudinal fissure

31. Basal (or cerebral) Nuclei Misnomer: basal ganglia Gray matter internal to the cerebral cortex, below floor of lateral ventricles. Function: modulate motor output from the cerebral cortex. Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and coordination of learned movement patterns. Parkinson's disease is caused by the loss of at least 80% of the dopaminergic neurons in basal nuclei and substantia nigra (resting tremor) Fig 15.11

32. Diencephalon Epithalamus Pineal gland - produces melatonin, sets diurnal cycles Thalamus (~12 nuclei) Hypothalamus Just superior to optic chiasma Infundibulum - connects to pituitary gland Some functions: Control of autonomic nervous system Coordination of nervous and endocrine systems Secretion of hormones - ADH and oxytocin

34. Metencephalon: Cerebellum Hemispheres and lobes Cortex -gray surface with folia - fine ridges and sulci - grooves between the ridges Purkinje cells , axons of which become arbor vitae (white matter) in center Regulation of posture and balance

42. Abducens (CN VI) C: Motor O: Pons D: Runs lateral rectus eye muscle

44. Vestibulocochlear (N VIII)

45. Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) C: mixed O: sensory from posterior 1/3 of tongue / motor from medulla oblongata D: medulla / muscles for swallowing, parotid gland

48. Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Explain spinal cord anatomy, including gray and white matter and meninges (give the general functions of this organ). Discuss the structure and functions of the spinal nerves and plexuses. Describe the structural components of reflexes.

50. 1. Cervical Enlargement Gray matter expanded to incorporate more sensory input from limbs and more cell bodies for motor control of limbs

51. Spinal Meninges 3) Pia mater 2) Arachnoid 1) Dura mater Three membranes surround all of CNS 1) Dura mater - "tough mother", strong 2) Arachnoid meninx - spidery looking, carries blood vessels, etc. Subarachnoid space 3) Pia mater - "delicate mother", adheres tightly to surface of spinal cord

53. Lumbar Puncture (= Spinal Tap) For clinical examination of CSF or administration of radiopaque dyes, drugs and sometimes anesthetics However: mostly “epidurals” for anesthetics L3 L4

55. Peripheral Nerves Definition: bundles of axons. AKA tracts in CNS Organization – coverings: Epineurium wraps entire nerve Perineurium wraps fascicles of tracts Endoneurium wraps individual axons

56. Anatomy of a Peripheral nerve Function: sensory - afferent motor - efferent mixed - contains axons of both

59. 4 Principal Plexuses Braids of ventral rami of cervical, thoracic, lumbar or sacral spinal nerves Cervical Plexus Phrenic nerve - innervates diaphragm

60. Brachial Plexus Musculocutaneous nerve - innervates biceps and brachialis muscles Median nerve - innervates lateral flexors Ulnar nerve - innervates medial flexors Radial nerve - innervates forearm extensors

62. Autonomic Division of NS Compare and contrast the structures of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, including functions and neurotransmitters. Show the levels of integration in the ANS, and compare these with the SNS. www.freelivedoctor.com

67. Sympathetic Neuroeffector Junctions Differ from somatic neuromuscular junctions Varicosities www.freelivedoctor.com

69. Para – Sympathetic Division Craniosacral division Preganglionic neurons (cell bodies) located in brain stem & sacral segments of spinal cord Ganglionic neurons (cell bodies) in ganglia near target organs: Intramural ganglia Effects of parasympathetic division ? www.freelivedoctor.com

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