This document provides an overview of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It discusses the two divisions of the ANS - the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is involved in the fight or flight response and increases heart rate, breathing, etc. The parasympathetic division is involved in rest and digest functions like digestion. The document details the pathways, ganglia, nerves and effects of both divisions. It notes that the hypothalamus and brainstem have significant control over autonomic function.

1. Nervous 3Autonomic Nervous SystemMcKinley and O’LaughlinChapter 18

2. IntroductionWhat part of the vertebrate nervous system innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glandular tissues and governs involuntary, vital functions?

3. The ANS affects the following:heart ratedigestionrespiration rate salivation perspiration diameter of the pupils micturition (urination) sexual arousal

4. Whereas most of its actions are involuntary, some actions of the ANS, such as breathing, work in tandem with the conscious mind.

5. The ANS is:Purely motor (though some references include visceral sensory as an arm of the ANS)A functional, not anatomical, divisionOpposite is the somatic nervous systemMostly working beyond our conscious awareness

6. Autonomic vs. SomaticIf we follow a nerve impulse from the CNS to an effector within the SNS, how many motor neurons would be involved?If we follow a nerve impulse from the CNS to an effector within the ANS, how many motor neurons would be involved?

8. Autonomic vs. SomaticA motor neuron within the ANS that lies between the CNS and a ganglion is what type of neuron?Pre-ganglionic - myelinatedA motor neuron within the ANS that lies between a ganglion and an effector is what type of neuron?Ganglionic - unmyelinated

9. Autonomic vs. SomaticWhat is the axon of a ganglionic neuron with in the ANS?Post-ganglionic axon

10. ANS DivisionsWhat are the 2 divisions of the ANS?Sympathetic divisionParasympathetic division

11. ANS DivisionsWhat division of the ANS is primarily concerned with conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores and has been nicknamed the “rest-and-digest” division?Parasympathetic division

12. ANS DivisionsWhat division of the ANS is primarily concerned with preparing the body for emergencies and is often referred to as the “fight-or-flight” division?Sympathetic division

13. The parasympathetic division is sometimes referred to as “craniosacral” because the nerves arise from the brain stem (mainly vagus) & sacral regionThe sympathetic division is sometimes referred to as “thoracolumbar” because of the sympathetic neurons in the spinal nerves of these regions.

16. Parasympathetic DivisionWhat is another term for the parasympathetic division?_________ division

17. Parasympathetic DivisionWhere are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons for the parasympathetic division located?BrainstemS2-S4 (lateral gray matter of spinal cord)

18. Parasympathetic DivisionWhere are the ganglia of the parasympathetic division found?Terminal ganglia - close to target organIntramural ganglia - within wall of target organ

20. Parasympathetic DivisionWhat cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers?III OculomotorVII FacialIX GlossopharyngealX Vagus

21. Parasympathetic DivisionThe parasympathetic division innervates what structures through the oculomotor nerve?Ciliary musclePupillary constrictor of irisDilator controlled by sympathetic division

22. Parasympathetic DivisionThe parasympathetic division innervates what structures through the facial nerve?Submandibular and sublingual glandsLacrimal glandGlands of nasal cavity, mouth, and palate

23. Parasympathetic DivisionThe parasympathetic division innervates what structures through the glossopharyngeal nerve?Parotid gland

24. Parasympathetic DivisionThe parasympathetic division innervates what structures through the vagus nerve?Thoracic and abdominal organs

26. Parasympathetic DivisionWhat specific regions of the spinal cord house the cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?Lateral horns

27. Parasympathetic DivisionWhat nerves carry fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS through the pelvis?Pelvic splanchnic nervesWhat does ‘splanchnic’ mean?Visceral

29. Parasympathetic EffectsIncrease saliva productionConstrict pupilsConstrict airwaysProduce tearsIncrease GI motilityContract bladderErect penis/clitoris

30. Sympathetic DivisionWhat is another term for the sympathetic division?_____________ divisionFrom what regions of the CNS does the sympathetic division arise?T1-L2 (lateral horns of spinal cord)

31. Sympathetic DivisionWhat part of spinal nerves do the preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within as they leave the lateral horn of the spinal cord?Anterior root

32. Sympathetic DivisionWhat sympathetic ganglia lie on the left and right sides of the vertebral column from T1-L2?Sympathetic trunk gangliaParavertebral gangliaWhat structure of the sympathetic division has the appearance of a pearl necklace?Sympathetic trunk (ganglia and axons)

33. Sympathetic DivisionWhat clusters of ganglia of the sympathetic division of the ANS lie within the neck?Cervical gangliaWhat are the connections between spinal nerves and the sympathetic trunks?Rami communicantes

35. Sympathetic DivisionWhat structures carry preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk?White ramiWhat structures carry postganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerves?Gray rami

38. Sympathetic DivisionWhat structures are composed of preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?Splanchnic nervesSplanchnic nerves of the sympathetic division of the ANS terminate in what structures?Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

39. Sympathetic DivisionWhat structures are singular rather than paired, are anterior to the vertebral column, and are located only in the abdominal cavity?Prevertebral ganglia

40. Sympathetic DivisionList the 3 prevertebral gangliaCeliacSuperior mesentericInferior mesenteric

42. Sympathetic PathwaysWhat pathway is a postganglionic axon within if it travels through a gray ramus that is at the same level as the ganglionic neuron to innervate blood vessels or arrector pili muscles or sweat glands?Spinal nerve pathway

43. Sympathetic PathwaysWhat pathway is a postganglionic axon within if the preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion, but the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus, but instead extends away from the sympathetic trunk ganglion and goes directly to the effector organ?Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

45. Sympathetic PathwaysWhat pathway is a postganglionic axon within if the preganglionic axon passes through the sympathetic trunk ganglia without synapsing and extends to the prevertebral ganglia?Splanchnic nerve pathway

46. Sympathetic PathwaysWhat pathway is a sympathetic axon within if it goes to the adrenal medulla?Adrenal medulla pathway

48. Sympathetic EffectsPupil dilationAirway dilationSweat productionMass activation response to stressIncreased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and depth, dilate pupils, stimulate RAS

49. Autonomic Nervous SystemUsually both divisions of the ANS innervate organs. Where does this dual innervation not occur?Cutaneous regionIncludes peripheral blood vesselsSympathetic only

50. Autonomic PlexusesWhat are collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons, parasympathetic preganglionic axons, and some visceral sensory axons?Autonomic plexuses

51. Autonomic PlexusesList the 5 autonomic plexusesCardiac plexusEsophageal plexusPulmonary plexusAbdominal plexusHypogastric plexus

53. CNS Control of ANSWhat part of the CNS has the greatest control over the ANS?HypothalamusWhat part of the CNS holds nuclei which have a great deal of influence over autonomic function?Brain stem

55. CNS Control of ANSWhat division of the ANS may process and control certain functions at the level of the spinal cord without involvement of the brain?ParasympatheticE.g. Defecation and urination

57. How does the parasympathetic reflex for urination relate to potty training?

58. The End of Autonomic Nervous System 