Cellular respiration is the process cells use to release energy stored in glucose and store it in ATP. It occurs in three main stages:
1. Glycolysis breaks glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP.
2. The citric acid cycle in the mitochondria further breaks down pyruvate, producing more ATP, CO2, and electron carriers.
3. The electron transport chain uses oxygen to generate most of the cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation as electrons are passed through protein complexes, producing up to 36 ATP per glucose molecule.
“HEAT”
Heat is a form of energy that flows from warmer bodies to colder bodies.
It is viewed as a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.
The SI unit of heat is joule (J).
Common unit of heat is calorie.
CALORIE the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of one gram of water from the pressure of the atmosphere.
TEMPERATURE
LAYMAN’S TERM
- It is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.
Molecular level
- A measure of the average kinetic energy of these molecules.
Based from our sensory experiences:
“Can we use our senses to determine temperature?”
THERMOMETER
TYPES OF THERMOMETER
The most common type of the thermometer.
THERMOCOUPLE
-two different metals (usually copper and iron) that are twisted together
INFRARED THERMOGRAMS
-a device (camera) that measures the amount of radiant energy given off by an object
TEMPERATURE SCALES
TEMPERATURE SCALES
“HEAT”
Heat is a form of energy that flows from warmer bodies to colder bodies.
It is viewed as a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.
The SI unit of heat is joule (J).
Common unit of heat is calorie.
CALORIE the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of one gram of water from the pressure of the atmosphere.
TEMPERATURE
LAYMAN’S TERM
- It is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.
Molecular level
- A measure of the average kinetic energy of these molecules.
Based from our sensory experiences:
“Can we use our senses to determine temperature?”
THERMOMETER
TYPES OF THERMOMETER
The most common type of the thermometer.
THERMOCOUPLE
-two different metals (usually copper and iron) that are twisted together
INFRARED THERMOGRAMS
-a device (camera) that measures the amount of radiant energy given off by an object
TEMPERATURE SCALES
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Photosynthesis and respiration are reactions that complement each other in the environment. They are in reality the same reactions but occurring in reverse. While in photosynthesis carbon dioxide and water yield glucose andoxygen, through the respiration process glucose and oxygen yield carbon dioxide and water.
They work well since living organisms supply plants with carbon dioxide which undergoes photosynthesis and produces glucose and these plants and bacteriagive out oxygen which all living organisms need for respiration.
Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds in presence of sunlight. Respiration is the set of metabolic reactions that take in cells of living organisms that convert nutrients like sugar into ATP (adenosine tri phosphate) and waste products.
Processes in photosynthesis are divided on basis of requirement of sunlight while respiration processes are divided on basis of requirement of oxygen. Hence in photosynthesis you have the light dependent reactions and the dark reactions while inrespiration there is aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
In photosynthesis light dependent reactions, ultra violet light strikes chlorophyll pigments which excites electrons leading to separation of oxygen molecules from carbon dioxide. In the dark reactions, carbon molecules now independent of oxygen are converted into carbohydrates and stored in plant cells as energy and food source. In aerobic cellular respiration oxygen is utilized to convert organic compounds into energy and in anaerobic respiration converts organic compounds into energy without using oxygen.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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4. Energy for CellsEnergy for Cells
We get energyWe get energy
from our foodfrom our food
One gram ofOne gram of
glucose releasesglucose releases
3811 calories of3811 calories of
energyenergy
6. To make ATP we need 2*
things
1. Glucose – from food
2. Oxygen*
1. Organisms can make a little ATP without O2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8oLu7znwQ0
7. ● Cellular Respiration = process that
cells use to release the energy from
glucose and store it in molecules of
ATP
9. Respiration Equation:
What are the reactants in this equation?
What are the products in this equation?
We need lots
of ATP to
run this fast!
10. Taller partner: How are
the equations for
photosynthesis and
cellular respiration
related to each other?
Shorter partner:
How are they similar?
How are they different?
15. Breaking chemical bonds in sugarBreaking chemical bonds in sugar
releases energyreleases energy
That energy isThat energy is stored instored in molecules ofmolecules of
ATPATP
16. On your whiteboards
What is RELEASED
when chemical bonds are
broken?
So…what is STORED in
chemical bonds?
17. There are 3 stages to aerobic
cellular respiration
18. How Cells Make ATP
Glucose
Glycolysis
O2 Present O2 Absent
Broken glucose goes to mitochondria
Mitochondria makes lots of ATP
Fermentation
Alcohol Lactic
Acid
19. How do cells get the energy out
of glucose? – Stage 1 GlycolysisGlycolysis
Cells take in glucose
and break it in half -
this is glycolysis
2 ATP are made
energy!
20. If no OIf no O22 anaerobic respirationanaerobic respiration
2 ATP only
also called fermentation
21. 2 Types of Fermentation
AlcoholAlcohol
FermentationFermentation
Yeast and
bacteria
30. Comparing Photosynthesis andComparing Photosynthesis and
Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
Photosynthesis vs. Cellular RespirationPhotosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
FunctionFunction Energy storage byEnergy storage by
making glucosemaking glucose
Energy release byEnergy release by
breaking downbreaking down
glucoseglucose
LocationLocation ChloroplastsChloroplasts MitochondriaMitochondria
ReactantsReactants COCO22 and Hand H22OO CC66HH1212OO66 and Oand O22
ProductsProducts CC66HH1212OO66 and Oand O22 COCO22 and Hand H22OO
EquationEquation COCO22 + H+ H220 C0 C66HH1212OO66 + O+ O22
OO22 + C+ C66HH1212OO66 COCO22 + H+ H22OO
31. So can you…
1. Write the equation for
respiration in symbols and
words?
2. Name the 3 stages of aerobic
cellular respiration and the
reactants and products for
each stage?