Cell signaling / Signal Transduction / Transmembrane signaling.
It is the process by which cells communicate with their environment and respond to external stimuli.
When a signaling molecule(ligand) binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell such as alteration in the activity of a gene / cell division. Thus the original Intercellular Signal is converted into an Intracellular Signal that triggers as a response.
MAPK Signaling pathway (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), how the pathway helps in regulation of mitosis, It's activation and inactivation inside the cell, roles of MAPK pathway in cancerous cell, different classes of MAP kinase in human
Assignment on Need of cell signaling, Steps in cell signaling, Intercellular signaling pathways, Types of intercellular signaling pathways, Intracellular signaling pathways, Receptors, Intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways. Classification of receptor family and molecular structure ligand gated ion channels; Gprotein coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors and nuclear receptors.
Cell signaling / Signal Transduction / Transmembrane signaling.
It is the process by which cells communicate with their environment and respond to external stimuli.
When a signaling molecule(ligand) binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell such as alteration in the activity of a gene / cell division. Thus the original Intercellular Signal is converted into an Intracellular Signal that triggers as a response.
MAPK Signaling pathway (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), how the pathway helps in regulation of mitosis, It's activation and inactivation inside the cell, roles of MAPK pathway in cancerous cell, different classes of MAP kinase in human
Assignment on Need of cell signaling, Steps in cell signaling, Intercellular signaling pathways, Types of intercellular signaling pathways, Intracellular signaling pathways, Receptors, Intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways. Classification of receptor family and molecular structure ligand gated ion channels; Gprotein coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors and nuclear receptors.
Cells of multicellular organisms detect and respond to countless internal and extracellular signals that control their growth, division, and differentiation during development, as well as their behavior in adult tissues.
At the heart of all these communication systems are regulatory proteins that produce chemical signals, which are sent from one place to another in the body or within a cell, usually being processed along the way and integrated with other signals to provide clear and effective communication.
Study of cell signaling has traditionally focused on the mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells communicate with each other using extracellular signal molecules such as hormones and growth factors.
Many bacteria, respond to chemical signals that are secreted by their neighbors and accumulate at higher population density. This process, called quorum sensing, allows bacteria to coordinate their behavior, including their motility, antibiotic production, spore formation, and sexual conjugation.
Communication between cells in multicellular organisms is mediated mainly by extracellular signal molecules.
Most cells in multicellular organisms both emit and receive signals. Reception of the signals depends on receptor proteins, usually (but not always) at the cell surface, which bind the signal molecule. The binding activates the receptor, which in turn activates one or more intracellular signaling pathways or systems.
These systems depend on intracellular signaling proteins, which process the signal inside the receiving cell and distribute it to the appropriate intracellular targets.
The targets that lie at the end of signaling pathways are generally called effector proteins, which are altered in some way by the incoming signal and implement the appropriate change in cell behavior.
Depending on the signal and the type and state of the receiving cell, these effectors can be transcription regulators, ion channels, components of a metabolic pathway, or parts of the cytoskeleton.
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis
Cell signaling is the process where cell communicate with each other with the help of signaling molecules and receptors. Cell signaling is done by different types of signaling processes such as autocrine, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine, contact dependent signaling
This Presentation provides an outline knowledge about Cellular Communication, Steps involved, Its Types, Signal Transduction, Secondary Messenger , Receptors with some Interesting Facts and Current Trends. An assignment for the subject, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Cells of multicellular organisms detect and respond to countless internal and extracellular signals that control their growth, division, and differentiation during development, as well as their behavior in adult tissues.
At the heart of all these communication systems are regulatory proteins that produce chemical signals, which are sent from one place to another in the body or within a cell, usually being processed along the way and integrated with other signals to provide clear and effective communication.
Study of cell signaling has traditionally focused on the mechanisms by which eukaryotic cells communicate with each other using extracellular signal molecules such as hormones and growth factors.
Many bacteria, respond to chemical signals that are secreted by their neighbors and accumulate at higher population density. This process, called quorum sensing, allows bacteria to coordinate their behavior, including their motility, antibiotic production, spore formation, and sexual conjugation.
Communication between cells in multicellular organisms is mediated mainly by extracellular signal molecules.
Most cells in multicellular organisms both emit and receive signals. Reception of the signals depends on receptor proteins, usually (but not always) at the cell surface, which bind the signal molecule. The binding activates the receptor, which in turn activates one or more intracellular signaling pathways or systems.
These systems depend on intracellular signaling proteins, which process the signal inside the receiving cell and distribute it to the appropriate intracellular targets.
The targets that lie at the end of signaling pathways are generally called effector proteins, which are altered in some way by the incoming signal and implement the appropriate change in cell behavior.
Depending on the signal and the type and state of the receiving cell, these effectors can be transcription regulators, ion channels, components of a metabolic pathway, or parts of the cytoskeleton.
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
cell signaling is part of any communication process that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates multiple-cell actions. The ability of cells to perceive and correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of development, tissue repair, and immunity, as well as normal tissue homeostasis
Cell signaling is the process where cell communicate with each other with the help of signaling molecules and receptors. Cell signaling is done by different types of signaling processes such as autocrine, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine, contact dependent signaling
This Presentation provides an outline knowledge about Cellular Communication, Steps involved, Its Types, Signal Transduction, Secondary Messenger , Receptors with some Interesting Facts and Current Trends. An assignment for the subject, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, 1st year M.Pharm, 1st semester.
Molecular interaction, Regulation and Signalling receptors and vesiclesAnantha Kumar
1. Overview of Extracellular signalling
2. Signalling molecules operate over various distance in animals
3.Endocrine Signalling
4.Paracrine Signalling
5.Autocrine Signalling
6. Signalling by Plasma membrane attached proteins
7.Receptors
8 Properties of receptors
9.Cell surface receptors belong to four major classes
10.Signal transduction Mechanism
11. Second messenger
12. Contraction of skeletal Muscle cells mechanism
The presentation illustrates the basic modes of cell signalling pathways for undergraduate students. It mentions variety of examples of cell signalling with different receptors, ligands and target molecules
This presentation gives the brief idea of the various guidelines carried out to study the genetic damage to cells when there is a discover of new active molecule.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. CONTENTS:
• Introduction to cell signalling
• Signal transduction
• Types of signalling pathway
Extracellular signalling
Intracellular signalling
2
3. CELL SIGNALLING:
Cell signalling is a type of any communication
process that governs the basic activities of cell
and coordinate all cell action.
Interact with the cellular environment and
neighbouring.
This involves determining function of the cell
within context of the organism as well as the
response of specific cells or group of cell to the
environment.
Communicate using chemical signals.
3
4. These chemical signals, which are protein or
other molecules produced by a sending cell are
often secreted from the cell and released into
extracellular space.
Float like a messenger in a bottle over to
neighbouring cell.
When binds to the receptor, it alters the shape or
activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside
the cell.
They are often ligands.
Causes the chain of chemical messenger inside
the cell.
4
5. Ultimately ,causes change in the activity of cell.
The extracellular signalling is convert to
intracellular signalling.
Importance of signals:
• Maintenance of homeostasis.
• Control of cell division and cell death
&development and growth.
• Adaptation to environment.
• Hormones and other regulatory mediators.
• Establishment of pathogenesis
&symbiosis,activation of defences.
5
6. Signal transduction:
It is a process by which cell receive, propagate
and respond to information from their
environment and each other.
Transmision across the membrane,converting
extracellular to intracellular signals.
Some cases ,additional protein and small
molecule participate in relaying the message
to its ultimate destination in the cell where a
response is evoked.
6
8. Steps:
Biosynthesis and release of the signal.
Transport of signals to target cell
Transduction in target cell.
Alteration of cell growth and metabolism.
Termination of signals
8
10. Types of signalling pathway:
• Extracellular signalling:
Signalling occurs between the cells ,it may be
a neighbouring cell or a cell in other part of
body.
There are 4 types of signalings:
Contact dependent
Paracrine
Synaptic
endocrine
10
12. Contact dependent :
• Bound to the surface of the signalling cells and
influence only cells that contact it.
• The cell makes direct physical contact with a
target cell with the plasma membrane of the
protein.
• Immune response
• Short distance
• Sometimes through a gap junction
12
13. Paracrine :
• Signalling molecules released from the signalling
cell to the extracellular space ,targeting cells that
nearby ,thus acting as a local mediator .
• Inflammation during infection ,regulate cell
proliferation
• They act on the cell in the local environment or in
the receptors of own cell it is known as autocrine
signalling
• Cancer cell often produce extracellular signals
that stimulates their own survival and
proliferation
13
14. Synaptic :
• the synaptic space.These neurotransmitter are detected by
receptors on the postsynaptic membrane i.e cell meVery
quick, long distance and specific to target cell
• A signal is detected by receptors present on dendrites and
then carried along the axon to a presynaptic
terminal.When the signal reaches the presynaptic
terminal,vesicles containing signalling molecules
(neurotransmitter) fuse with the membrane,releasing the
content into mbrane of target cell,which may be another
neuron or an effector cell.
• Ex:Ach,serotonin,histamine.
14
15. Endocrine:
• distance,signall molecules are harmones
• Blood carries the molecule far and
wide,allowing them to act on target cells that
may lie in the body.
• Ex:pancrease secrete insulin,progesterone,
testosterone
15
16. Types of receptors:
1. Cell surface receptor
unable cross the cell membrane , instead
they bind to cell surface receptor.
Cell surface receptor are also called cell
specific protein or markers because they are
specific to individual cell type.
16
17. 2.Intracellular receptor:
• Molecules are hydrophobic, poorly aqueous
soluble.Therefore they are transported in the
bloodstream and extracellular fluid bound to
carrier protien , from which they are
dissociated before entering the target cell.
• Binds to the receptor protein in the cytosol or
in the nucleus.
• Ex:mRNA synthesis in the gene expression
17
18. Cell is programmed to respond to
specific signals:
• Cell integrates all this signals to make decision –to
devide, move,differentiate,.Cell requires a specific
combination of extracellular survival factor to
allow the cells to continue living,when deprived
of these signals,the cell undergoes apaptosis.
• Cell proliferation often depends on the
combination of signals that promote both cell
division and survival.
• Differention into non dividing state frequently
requires a different combination of survival
&differention signals that must override any
signal to divide.
18
20. • A signal molecules has different effects on
different target cell.
• Ex:Ach decreases the action potential firing in
heart pacemaker cell and stimulates the
production of saliva by salivary gland cell even
tough receptor are same on the both the cells.
• In skeleton muscles, Ach causes cell to
contract by binding to a different receptor
protein
• Difference in the intracellular signalling
protein,effector protein and gene that are
activated.
20
22. •Intracellular signalling:
• Activation of receptors can trigger the synthesis
of small molecules called second messengers ,
which initiate and coordinates intracellular
signalling pathway.ex:cAMP
• Generates the second messenger or activating
the next signalling or effector protein in the
pathway. Behave like a molecular switches.
• When they receive a signals ,they switch from an
inactive to an active state, untill another process
switches them off and recovering after
transmitting a signal
22
23. • Molecular switches consists of protein that are
activated or inactivated by phosphorylation .For
these proteins, the switch is thrown in one
direction by a protein kinase,which is covalently
adds one or more phosphates groups to specific
amino acids on the signalling proteins,in other
direction by a protein phosphate ,which removes
phosphate group.It depends on the balance
between the activities kinase that phosphorylate
it and of the phosphates that dephosphorylate it.
23
24. • Protein kinase attach phosphate to the –OH
group of the amino acids in the target protein.
• Two types –serinethreonine kinase,tyrosine
kinase
• This is known as kinase cascades.
24
26. • GTP-binding protien switch between an ”on”
state when GTP is bound and an “off” state
when GDP is bound.
• On state they have intrinsic GTPase activity
and shut themselves off by hydrolysing their
bound to GTP to GDP.
• Large Trimeric GTP binding protein help relay
signals from G-protein –coupled receptor that
activate them
• Small monomeric GTPase help relay signals
from many classes of cell surface receptor
26
27. Three major class of cell surface
receptor :
1. Ion channel coupled receptor:
• Involved in rapid synaptic signalling between
nerve cells and other electrically excitable target
cells such as nerve and muscle cells.
• Mediated by small no.of neurotransmitter that
transiently open or close an ion channel formed
by the protein to which they bind ,briefly
changing the ion permeability of the plasma
membrane and thereby changing the excitability
of the postsynaptic target cells
27
28. 2.G-protein coupled receptor:
Indirectly regulating the activity of a separate
plasma membrane bound target
protein,which is generally enzyme or ion
channel.
Trimeric GTP binding protein mediates
Change the concentration of one or more
small molecules(enzyme),change the ion
permeability(ion)
28
29. 3.Enzyme coupled receptors:
• Function as a enzyme or associates directly
with enzyme that they activate.
• They have ligand binding site outside the cell
and their catalytic or enzyme binding site
inside.
• Heterogeneous in structure compared with
other
• Protein kinase or associated with protein
kinase
29