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Cell cycle and regulation
The document provides a comprehensive overview of the cell cycle and its regulation, detailing the phases of the cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase). It elaborates on the regulatory mechanisms through positive and negative regulation involving key molecules such as cyclins and CDKs, as well as checkpoints that control the progression of the cycle. Additionally, it references significant literature in the field of anatomy and physiology.
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Cell cycle and regulation
- 1. CELL CYCLE ANDREGULATION Guided By: P.G. Jain Presented by : Shubham D. Mahajan Ist Year M Pharmacy Department Of Phrmacology Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 1
- 2. Content • Introduction • Phases •Regulation Mr.Tushar D. MorankarMr.Tushar D. Morankar 2
- 3. Cell Cycle AndIt’s Regulation Defination … The period between two cell division is known as cell cycle. ➢ Repair body tissue It consist of two stages ➢ 1)Interphase ➢ 2)Mitosis Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 3
- 4. ➢Interphase : Three typesof cell cycle 1) G1 phase 2) S phase 3) G2 phase 1) G1 Phase (Post –mitotic phase ) ▪ It is a longest phase ▪ It take place at the end of cell division ▪ Prepare for DNA synthesis ▪ Active synthesis of RNA and protein takeplace ▪ The newly formed cell accumulate the energy Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 4
- 5. G0 Phase ▪ Itis a resting phase ▪ In these cell cyclin D concentration is decreased ▪ Hold the cell cycle at checkpoint 1 by inhibiting the expression of several transcription protein (E2F) that code cyclin A and E necessary for cycle progression ▪ Growth factor stimulation take the G0 cells to G1 phase ▪ In interphase the cell prepare itself to check the term post-mitotic is sometime used to refer both quiescent G0 state from G1 and may remain quiescent for longer period of time or indefinitely (eg. Cardiac and neuron cell ) ▪ In multicellular eukaryotes cell enter the G0 phase from G1 phase and stop dividing ▪ Some cell enter the G0 phase semipermanently (eg. Liver and kidney) Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 5
- 6. 3) S Phase (Synthesisphase) ▪ In that phase the DNA replication can proceed through the mechanism that result in the formation of identical pairs of DNA molecule –sister chromatid –that are fimely attached to the centromeric region. ▪ The centrosome is duplicated during S phase. 4) G2 Phase (Invisible phase) ▪ RNA synthesis and protein macromolecule. ▪ The cell replineshes its energy store and synthesizes protein necessary for chromosome manipulation . ▪ There may be additional cell growth during G2 ▪ The final preparation for the mitotic must be completed before the cell is able to enter the first stage of mitosis. Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 6
- 7. ❑Prophase • Chromosome composedof 2 identical (sister) chromatid • Nuclear envelop disappear • Centromere divided together but remain together • Spindle fibre begin to grow from centrosome Mitosis : Mitosis phase follow interphase It divided into four phase : ❑ Prophase ❑ Metaphase ❑ Anaphase ❑ Telophase Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 7
- 8. ❑Metaphase • Chromosome moveto the equator of the cell (metaphase plate) • Spindle fibre become attached to the sister chromatid • Spindle apparatus is complete ❑Anaphase • Sister chromatid begin to separate • Each chromatid migrate end of the cell at opposite site Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 8
- 9. ❑ Telophase • Sisterchromatid arrive at opposite pole • Mitotic spindle disappear • uncoil of DNA • cytokinesis Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 9
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- 11. Cell cycle regulation Threetypes of checkpoint ➢ G1 checkpoint ➢ G2 checkpoint ➢ M checkpoint Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 11
- 12. REGULATOR MOLECULE OFTHE CELL Two type of intracellular molecule regulated by ❑Positive regulation ❖ Are those which control the changes necessary for cell division ❖They include : – Cyclin – Cdks ❖Responsible for progress of cell through various check point Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 12
- 13. • Protein kinaseare enzyme that phosphorylate protein . • The transition from G1 to S require set of cyclin and different transition require different cyclin . • Cdks posses two type of phosphorylation site : one cause activation of the enzyme ;the other causes inactivation of the enzyme . • Specific kinase carry out the stimulatory and the inhibitory phosphorylation. • similarly Protein phosphatase can remove phosphate from CDKs ,either stimulating or inhibiting their activity ,depending on the position of the phosphate • the addition or removal of phosphate group from CDKs is highly regulated and an important mechanism for the control of cell progession Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 13
- 14. FOUR CLASS OFCYCLIN 1. G1-cyclin : helps to promote passage through ‘start’ or the restriction point in late G1 2. G1/S-cyclin : bind cdks the end of G1 and commit the cell to DNA replication 3. S-cyclin : bind cdks during S phase and required for the initiation of DNA replication 4. M-cyclin : promote the event of mitosis. Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 14
- 15. ❑Negative regulation ❖Halt thecell cycle ❖Regulator eg. Rb, p53 and p21 ❖Rb –tumor suppressor protein ❖Designation on function molecular mass in (Kd) ❖Rb primarily act on G1 checkpint. ❖P53 and p21 accumulate ❖Rb monitor cell size Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 15
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- 17. REFERENCES.. ❑Anne Waugh,Allison grant,“Rossand Wilson,Anatomy and physiology in health and Illness”12th edition and sons,Inc. ❑ www.OpenStax.com ❑www.wikipedia.com Mr.Tushar D. Morankar 17