Human anatomy is the study of structures in the human body including both gross anatomy, which examines structures visible to the naked eye, and microscopic anatomy, which uses microscopes. Human physiology is the study of how the body functions. The document outlines several branches and subspecialties of anatomy and physiology including embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, radiographic anatomy, pathological anatomy, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, and pathophysiology.

1. Human anatomy and Physiology
AND
Scope
Sindhoora D
Assistant Professor
Dept.of.Pharmacology
SCP,Mangalore
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3. Human Anatomy
• Human Anatomy (ana- = “up”, tome = “to cut”) is often
defined as the study of structures in the human
body. Anatomy focuses on the description of form, or
how body structures at different levels look.
• Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationship
among them.
• scientific study of the morphology of the adult human. It is
subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.
• Gross anatomy is the study of anatomical structures that can
be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study
of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes.
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4. Human Physiology
• Physiology is the science of body functions-
how the body works.
• Physiology is the scientific study
of functions and mechanisms in a living
system.
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5. Scope/Branches/Subspecialties of
Anatomy
• Embryology:
The first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of human egg.
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6. • Developmental biology:
The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.
• Cell biology:
Different cells in our body its structure, differentiation and its function.
• Histology:
The study of the tissues. The structure which cells it is made up of.
• Gross anatomy:
Structures that can be examined without microscope from naked eyes.
• Systemic anatomy:
Structures of specific system of body i.e study of the organs involve in
the particular system.
ex: nervous, respiratory system
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7. • Regional anatomy:
Specific regions of the body such as head and neck.
• Surface anatomy:
Surface marking of the body to understand internal anatomy
through visualisation and palpitation.
• Radiographic anatomy:
Body structures visualised with X-rays.
• Pathological anatomy:
Structural changes associated with disease.
Ex: Histopathological changes in kidney in diabetes.
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8. Scope/Branches/Subspecialties of
Physiology
• Neurophysiology
Functional properties of nerve cell.
• Endocrinology:
Hormones and how they are controls the body functions.
• Cardiovascular physiology:
Functions of the heart and blood vessels.
• Immunology:
The body's defenses against disease causing microorganisms.
• Respiratory physiology:
Functions of the air passage and lung's.
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9. • Renal physiology:
Functions of the kidneys.
• Exercise physiology:
Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.
• Pathophysiology:
Changes in the certain organ function associated with disease
and aging.
Ex: changes in kidney function in diabetic condition.
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