Ion channels, types and their importace in managment of diseasesFarazaJaved
This topic covers voltage gated type of ion channel, general structure and functioning of ion channels and involvement of different ion channel types in the pathogenesis as wella as a target for the development of various diseases.
Ion channels, types and their importace in managment of diseasesFarazaJaved
This topic covers voltage gated type of ion channel, general structure and functioning of ion channels and involvement of different ion channel types in the pathogenesis as wella as a target for the development of various diseases.
Ion channels have many features of typical membrane proteins. They are synthesized and inserted into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, glycosylated in the Golgi, and transported and inserted into target membranes by membrane fusion. They are regulated by trafficking, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, reversible interactions with other signaling proteins and second messengers, proteolytic cleavage, and other modifications. Like other signaling proteins, ion channels are flexible molecules that undergo conformational changes between open (active) and closed (inactive) states. They evolve and increase in number through phylogeny and can be placed in gene families and super families according to their sequence similarities.
GPCRs are the most dynamic and most abundant all the receptors. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily comprises the largest and most diverse group of proteins in mammals. GPCRs are responsible for every aspect of human biology from vision, taste, sense of smell, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous functions, metabolism, and immune regulation to reproduction. GPCRs interact with a number of ligands ranging from photons, ions, amino acids, odorants, pheromones, eicosanoids, neurotransmitters, peptides, proteins, and hormones.
Nevertheless, for the majority of GPCRs, the identity of their natural ligands is still unknown, hence remain orphan receptors.
The simple dogma that underpins much of our current understanding of GPCRs, namely,
one GPCR gene− one GPCR protein− one functional GPCR− one G protein −one response
is showing distinct signs of wear.
Cell Signalling Pathway (intra and extra cellular signalling)Aneela Rafiq
the way of communication cell to cell or cell to their environment. they produce some stimuli to correspond to surroundings for survival. Cell signalling helps to defend, survive, production of chemicals and lots of other things. signalling can external and internal. in this presentation, paths are elaborated externally and internally.
Hope it will help to understand cell signal in better way.
MAPK Signaling pathway (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), how the pathway helps in regulation of mitosis, It's activation and inactivation inside the cell, roles of MAPK pathway in cancerous cell, different classes of MAP kinase in human
Assignment on Need of cell signaling, Steps in cell signaling, Intercellular signaling pathways, Types of intercellular signaling pathways, Intracellular signaling pathways, Receptors, Intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways. Classification of receptor family and molecular structure ligand gated ion channels; Gprotein coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors and nuclear receptors.
Ion channels have many features of typical membrane proteins. They are synthesized and inserted into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, glycosylated in the Golgi, and transported and inserted into target membranes by membrane fusion. They are regulated by trafficking, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, reversible interactions with other signaling proteins and second messengers, proteolytic cleavage, and other modifications. Like other signaling proteins, ion channels are flexible molecules that undergo conformational changes between open (active) and closed (inactive) states. They evolve and increase in number through phylogeny and can be placed in gene families and super families according to their sequence similarities.
GPCRs are the most dynamic and most abundant all the receptors. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily comprises the largest and most diverse group of proteins in mammals. GPCRs are responsible for every aspect of human biology from vision, taste, sense of smell, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous functions, metabolism, and immune regulation to reproduction. GPCRs interact with a number of ligands ranging from photons, ions, amino acids, odorants, pheromones, eicosanoids, neurotransmitters, peptides, proteins, and hormones.
Nevertheless, for the majority of GPCRs, the identity of their natural ligands is still unknown, hence remain orphan receptors.
The simple dogma that underpins much of our current understanding of GPCRs, namely,
one GPCR gene− one GPCR protein− one functional GPCR− one G protein −one response
is showing distinct signs of wear.
Cell Signalling Pathway (intra and extra cellular signalling)Aneela Rafiq
the way of communication cell to cell or cell to their environment. they produce some stimuli to correspond to surroundings for survival. Cell signalling helps to defend, survive, production of chemicals and lots of other things. signalling can external and internal. in this presentation, paths are elaborated externally and internally.
Hope it will help to understand cell signal in better way.
MAPK Signaling pathway (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), how the pathway helps in regulation of mitosis, It's activation and inactivation inside the cell, roles of MAPK pathway in cancerous cell, different classes of MAP kinase in human
Assignment on Need of cell signaling, Steps in cell signaling, Intercellular signaling pathways, Types of intercellular signaling pathways, Intracellular signaling pathways, Receptors, Intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways. Classification of receptor family and molecular structure ligand gated ion channels; Gprotein coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors and nuclear receptors.
This presentation focuses on detail of the contraction of the contractile fibers in the muscles. short introduction to the ion channels, different potentials and phases working on the contraction of the muscles.
Reference: Anatomy, Physiology & Pathophysiology by Gerard J. Tortora
Why do ion channels not function like open poresWhat is membrane .pdfjaronkyleigh59760
Why do ion channels not function like open pores?
What is membrane potential?
How do K+ leak channels work? Why is the membrane potential of a resting cell negative?
What is patch clamp recording? What is one of the major insights gained from patch clamp
reporting experiments?
Compare and contrast the three types of gated ion channels.
Be familiar with the different parts of a neuron.
During an action potential, what happens to the membrane potential, voltage-gated Na+
channels, Na+ ions, voltage gated K+ channels, K+ ions, and Na+-K+ ion pumps?
When an action potential reaches a synapse, what happens to the Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ ions,
neurotransmitters, transmitter-gated ion channels, and the post synaptic neuron?
What effect do excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters have on postsynaptic cells?
What is an example of a mechanically gated ion channel?
Solution
1.Excitable cells, such as fast-acting neurons and muscle cells, have specialized channels that
open in response to a signal and permit rapid ion movement across the cell membrane. The
opening of just a single ion channel alters the electrical charge on both sides of the membrane.
The resulting charge differential then causes adjacent voltage-sensitive channels to open in
chain-reaction fashion, creating a self-propagating electrical signal that travels down the entire
length of the cell. Sometimes, this sequence of events is triggered when a chemical signal —
such as a neurotransmitter — binds to an ion channel receptor on cell\'s surface. Other times, a
cell\'s ion channels open in response to mechanical (rather than chemical) stimuli.
2.In cells of all types, there is an electrical potential difference between the inside of the cell and
the surrounding extracellular fluid. This is termed the membrane potential of the cell. When a
nerve or muscle cell is at \"rest\", its membrane potential is called the resting membrane
potential. In a typical neuron, this is about –70 millivolts (mV). The minus sign indicates that the
inside of the cell is negative with respect to the surrounding extracellular fluid.
3.The leak channels allow K+ to move across the cell membrane down their gradients (from a
high concentration toward a lower concentration).
With the combined ion pumping and leakage of ions, the cell can maintain a stable resting
membrane potential and create membrane potential of a resting cell negative.
4.Patch clamp recording is an extremely useful technique for investigating the biophysical
properties of the ion channels that control neuronal activation.
The procedure involves pressing a glass micropipette against a cell in order to isolate a small
“patch” of membrane that contains one or more ion channels.
The experimental setup further allows scientists to “clamp” the electrical environment of the
patched area by precisely controlling the voltage across the cell membrane, which, depending on
the ion channels present, impacts the flow of ions through the membrane and allow for int.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Complete information on coronavirus. Introduction, history, symptoms, covid19 structure, S protein of coronavirus, M proteins of coronavirus, spreading variations of coronavirus, vaccines, drugs to control coronavirus.
FOXP2 gene mutated in a speech and language disorder.
In humans, mutation of ‘FOXP2’ gene, results in a severe developmental disorder that significantly disrupts speech and language skills.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Introduction:
Ion channels are membrane proteins that allow ions to pass
through the Ion (channel) pore.
Their functions include establishing a
Resting Membrane Potential,
Action Potentials
Other Electrical Signals by regulating the flow of ions across the
cell membrane.
3. Ions transport through channels is extremely rapid.
More than a million ions per second flow through open channels-
a flow rate approximately a thousand times greater than the
rate of transport by carrier proteins.
4. Most ion channels are highly selective in allowing only one
particular type of ion to pass through the pore.
Most of the ion channels that have been identified can exist in
either an open or a closed conformation; such channels are said
to be gated.
5. The Important Gated ion channels are:
Ligand-gated channels
Voltage-gated channels
Ligand-gated channels open in response to the binding of
neurotransmitters or other signaling molecules.
Voltage-gated channels open in response to changes in electric
potential across the plasma membrane.
7. Ligand-gated channels:
Ligand-gated ion channels (Protein pores), also commonly referred
as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel
proteins.
Which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl− to pass
through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical
messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.
The fundamental role of ion channels in the transmission of
electric impulses.
8.
9.
10. Neurotransmitters released from presynaptic cells bind to
receptors on the membranes of postsynaptic cells, where they act
to open ligand-gated ion channels.
Binding of acetylcholine opens a channel that is permeable to
both Na+.
This permits the rapid influx of Na+, which depolarizes the
plasma membrane and triggers an action potential.
11. Due to influx of Na+ ions the fluid become more positive inside
of the cell these leads to depolarization of the plasma membrane.
12. Depolarization of the plasma membrane allows action potentials
to travel down the length of nerve cell axons as electric signals,
Resulting in the rapid transmission of nerve impulses over long
distances.
The arrival of action potentials at the terminus of neurons release
of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, which carry signals
between synapse and cells.
14. Voltage-gated ion channels are a class of transmembrane proteins
that are activated by changes in the electrical membrane potential
near the channel.
The membrane potential alters the conformation changes of the
Ion channels, regulating their opening and closing.
15. Voltage-gated ion-channels found along the length of the axon and
muscles tissues.
Voltage-gated ion-channels are permeable to sodium (Na+),
potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl–) ions have been
identified.
16. Different types of Voltage gated Channels:
Sodium (Na+) channels
Calcium (Ca2+) channels
Potassium (K+) channels
Chloride (Cl−) channels
19. For example:
Voltage-gated ion-channels actively pumped out Na+ ions from the
cell and pumps K+ ions into cells.
Therefore, in the axon the concentration of Na+ is about 10 times
higher in extracellular fluids than inside the cell.
Whereas the concentration of K+ is approximately 20 times higher
in the cytosol than in the surrounding medium.
20. Their transport results in the establishment of an electric potential
(gradient) across the plasma membrane.
In resting axons there is an electric potential of about - 60 mV
across the plasma membrane, with the inside of the cell negative
with respect to the outside.
The flow of K+ through these channels makes the major
contribution to the resting membrane potential of -60 m V, which is
therefore close to the K+ equilibrium potential.
21. Binding of neurotransmitter results allows Na+ to flow into the
cell.
The sudden entry of Na+ leads to a large change in membrane
potential, which increases to nearly +30 m V.
At this time, the Na+ channels are inactivated and voltage-gated
K+ channels open, substantially increasing the permeability of the
membrane to K+.
22. K+ then flows rapidly out of the cell, driven by both the
membrane potential and the K+ concentration gradient, leading to
a rapid decrease in membrane potential to about - 75 mV.
This change in membrane potential inactivates the voltage-gated
K+ channels and the membrane potential returns to its resting
level of -60 m V.
.
23. Depolarization of adjacent regions of the plasma membrane
allows action potentials to travel down the length of nerve cell
axons as electric signals.
Resulting in the rapid transmission of nerve impulses over long
distances
