Chemotherpy
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What are chemotherapy agents. The classification by its MOA. The brief description about the Sulfa drugs class and short note on co-trimaxazole.
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Antibiotics
This document discusses antibiotics and their mechanisms of action. It begins by outlining bacterial cell structure and the main groups of antibiotics based on their sites of action, including inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, cell membrane function, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. It then examines mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and discusses principles of antibiotic susceptibility testing, including minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. The document provides details on several important classes of antibiotics and how they work, such as beta-lactams, quinolones, rifampin, and sulfonamides. It concludes with an overview of sensitivity testing methods like disk diffusion and E test.
Principles of antimicrobial (1)
This document discusses principles of antimicrobial therapy. It covers selecting appropriate antimicrobial agents based on the infecting organism, site of infection, and patient factors. Empiric therapy may be needed before identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing guides treatment. Combination therapy has advantages like synergism but also disadvantages like increased resistance. Routes of administration and rational dosing are also discussed.
Chemotharapy kheersagarprajapati
1. Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to treat diseases caused by microorganisms, parasites, and cancer cells. It aims to selectively kill pathogens with minimal toxicity to the host.
2. Antimicrobial agents, including antibiotics, are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. They are classified based on the microbe they act against such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic agents.
3. The main types of antimicrobials are antibacterials including bactericidal agents that kill bacteria and bacteriostatic agents that stop their growth. Other classes include antifungals, antivirals, and antiparasitics
Antibiotics and their classification, Part - 1
What are Antibiotics, Classification of antibiotics on the basis of Spectrum, Chemical Composition, Route of administration, Mechanism of action and effects of their action.
classification of antibiotics
This document discusses the classification of antibiotics. Antibiotics can be classified based on their spectrum of activity as either broad-spectrum or narrow-spectrum. They can also be classified based on their mode of action as either bactericidal, which kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic, which limit bacterial growth. Common examples of each class are provided, such as penicillin and cephalosporin as bactericidal antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis.
Antibiotics
This document discusses antibiotics used in dentistry, including their categories, principles of prescribing, and proper/improper uses. Antibiotics are categorized based on their target bacteria (narrow vs broad spectrum) and effect (bactericidal vs bacteriostatic). Principles of prescribing include diagnosing bacterial infections, culture/sensitivity testing, empirical therapy, and monitoring treatment success. Antibiotics should be used curatively or prophylactically according to guidelines, and not without diagnosis to avoid resistance and adverse effects. Common misuses are incomplete treatment courses and prescribing for viral infections.
Antibiotics
This document provides an overview of antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, and common types. It discusses how antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. The major classes covered include penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Specific antibiotics are given within each class with details on their indications, mechanisms, and side effects. Combination antibiotic therapy and developing antibiotic resistance are also summarized.
Anti infectives fall 2011
The document provides an overview of pharmacology of antimicrobials including:
1. It classifies antimicrobials by the microorganism they affect such as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral drugs.
2. It discusses important concepts such as bacteriocidal vs. bacteriostatic effects, selective toxicity, and organism sensitivity.
3. It covers antimicrobial resistance including common mechanisms and factors that promote development of resistance.
Recommended
Antibiotics
This document discusses antibiotics and their mechanisms of action. It begins by outlining bacterial cell structure and the main groups of antibiotics based on their sites of action, including inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, cell membrane function, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. It then examines mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and discusses principles of antibiotic susceptibility testing, including minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. The document provides details on several important classes of antibiotics and how they work, such as beta-lactams, quinolones, rifampin, and sulfonamides. It concludes with an overview of sensitivity testing methods like disk diffusion and E test.
Principles of antimicrobial (1)
This document discusses principles of antimicrobial therapy. It covers selecting appropriate antimicrobial agents based on the infecting organism, site of infection, and patient factors. Empiric therapy may be needed before identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing guides treatment. Combination therapy has advantages like synergism but also disadvantages like increased resistance. Routes of administration and rational dosing are also discussed.
Chemotharapy kheersagarprajapati
1. Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to treat diseases caused by microorganisms, parasites, and cancer cells. It aims to selectively kill pathogens with minimal toxicity to the host.
2. Antimicrobial agents, including antibiotics, are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. They are classified based on the microbe they act against such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic agents.
3. The main types of antimicrobials are antibacterials including bactericidal agents that kill bacteria and bacteriostatic agents that stop their growth. Other classes include antifungals, antivirals, and antiparasitics
Antibiotics and their classification, Part - 1
What are Antibiotics, Classification of antibiotics on the basis of Spectrum, Chemical Composition, Route of administration, Mechanism of action and effects of their action.
classification of antibiotics
This document discusses the classification of antibiotics. Antibiotics can be classified based on their spectrum of activity as either broad-spectrum or narrow-spectrum. They can also be classified based on their mode of action as either bactericidal, which kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic, which limit bacterial growth. Common examples of each class are provided, such as penicillin and cephalosporin as bactericidal antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis.
Antibiotics
This document discusses antibiotics used in dentistry, including their categories, principles of prescribing, and proper/improper uses. Antibiotics are categorized based on their target bacteria (narrow vs broad spectrum) and effect (bactericidal vs bacteriostatic). Principles of prescribing include diagnosing bacterial infections, culture/sensitivity testing, empirical therapy, and monitoring treatment success. Antibiotics should be used curatively or prophylactically according to guidelines, and not without diagnosis to avoid resistance and adverse effects. Common misuses are incomplete treatment courses and prescribing for viral infections.
Antibiotics
This document provides an overview of antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, and common types. It discusses how antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. The major classes covered include penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Specific antibiotics are given within each class with details on their indications, mechanisms, and side effects. Combination antibiotic therapy and developing antibiotic resistance are also summarized.
Anti infectives fall 2011
The document provides an overview of pharmacology of antimicrobials including:
1. It classifies antimicrobials by the microorganism they affect such as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral drugs.
2. It discusses important concepts such as bacteriocidal vs. bacteriostatic effects, selective toxicity, and organism sensitivity.
3. It covers antimicrobial resistance including common mechanisms and factors that promote development of resistance.
principle of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics
This document discusses principles of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It defines antimicrobial agents and antibiotics, and outlines ideal qualities such as killing pathogens without harming the host. Antibiotics can be natural, derived from fungi or bacteria, or synthetic. Terms like bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and synergistic effects are explained. The document also covers antibiotic resistance, mechanisms by which it occurs, and risks that can lead to resistance. Consequences of antibiotic resistance and measures to combat it are described. Finally, antibiotics are classified based on their activity, spectrum, absorption, and mechanism of action.
Chemotherapy seyoum
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy and antimicrobial drugs. It begins by discussing the history and development of antimicrobial drugs from 1910 onward. It then defines key terms related to chemotherapy and antimicrobial classification. The document discusses various classes of antimicrobial drugs like penicillins, cephalosporins, and beta-lactam inhibitors in detail. It covers the mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics and clinical uses of these drug classes. Adverse effects and resistance to penicillins are also summarized. The document provides classifications of antimicrobials and concludes by noting that cefotaxime and ceftriaxone effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to treat meningitis.
2. Choice and combined use of Anti-microbial agents
This document discusses factors that influence the choice and combined use of antimicrobial agents (AMAs). It notes that empiric therapy is sometimes necessary before laboratory results are available. When selecting AMAs, clinicians must consider the activity of the agent against the suspected organism, site of infection, administration route, metabolism/excretion, treatment duration, frequency, toxicity, cost, and local resistance rates. Combining AMAs can achieve synergism, broaden antimicrobial spectrum, reduce toxicity, prevent resistance emergence, and treat mixed infections, but may also increase adverse effects, resistance, costs, and superinfections if not used rationally.
Rational use of Antibiotics
It's all about the Rational use of Antibiotics. It will help medical students and health personnel to work out.
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are drugs that fight bacterial infections but not viral infections. While they have been effective, antibiotic resistance has emerged as bacteria evolve and develop ways to withstand antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs globally and is considered a major public health threat. It develops due to overuse, misuse and improper use of antibiotics in both humans and livestock. Rational antibiotic use through prudent prescribing practices and infection prevention can help curb the rise and spread of antibiotic resistance.
General principles of antimicrobial therapy
This document outlines several key principles of antimicrobial therapy, including:
- Selecting drugs based on their selective toxicity to pathogens, pharmacokinetics, and whether they are bacteriostatic or bactericidal.
- Considering concentration-dependent vs. time-dependent killing and the post-antibiotic effect.
- Using combination therapy appropriately to enhance effects and delay resistance.
- Choosing drugs based on the infection's spectrum, risk of superinfections, and empirical vs. prophylactic use.
- Accounting for microbial sensitivity, mechanisms of resistance development, and host factors like disease states and organ function.
- Managing adverse effects, drug interactions, and cost considerations.
Misuse of Antibiotic | Antibiotics helpful or harmful ?
Antibiotic misuse and overprescription has led to a growing problem of antibiotic resistance. When antibiotics are taken incorrectly, such as not finishing a full course of treatment, bacteria can evolve and become resistant to the antibiotics' effects. As a result, antibiotics become less effective in treating infections. Some of the factors contributing to antibiotic misuse include over-the-counter availability, stopping use after symptoms improve, and taking antibiotics for viral infections which they cannot treat. To help slow antibiotic resistance, it is important to only use antibiotics when necessary and as prescribed by a doctor.
Presentation1
This document discusses principles of antibiotic classification and use. It begins by defining antibiotics and outlining their importance as well as risks of misuse. It then categorizes antibiotics as bactericidal or bacteriostatic and discusses antibiotic susceptibility testing. Various classification schemes are provided based on antibiotic mechanisms of action, including inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, increasing membrane permeability, and interfering with protein or nucleic acid synthesis. The development of antibiotic resistance and methods to delay its emergence are also summarized.
Chemotheraphy general
The document discusses chemotherapy and antibiotics. It defines chemotherapy as treatment of infections with chemical agents, including antibiotics. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or destroy other microbes. Antibiotics can be classified based on their spectrum of activity (broad or narrow) and their mechanism of action, such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis, cell membrane function, protein synthesis, or nucleic acid synthesis.
General principles of antimicrobial therapy
This document provides an overview of general principles of antimicrobial therapy. It discusses key topics such as classes of antimicrobial agents based on their mechanism of action and targets, pharmacokinetic principles for dosing, types and goals of antimicrobial therapy including prophylaxis, empirical and definitive treatment. It also covers mechanisms of resistance, how resistance emerges evolutionarily, and principles of combination antimicrobial chemotherapy. The overall aim is to help readers understand fundamental concepts in antimicrobial drug selection, use and resistance.
Antibiotics
This document is a biology project on antibiotics completed by Riya Gupta of class XII-A at VSPK International School during the 2017-2018 academic year under the guidance of Ms. Jasbir Kaur. It includes an introduction to antibiotics, how they work, common uses and classes of antibiotics, possible side effects, issues with stopping antibiotics early, antibiotic allergies, and antibiotic resistance. The project cites five references used in its creation.
Chemotherapy in periodontology
This document discusses anti-infective therapy for periodontal disease. It begins by defining periodontal disease as a host-microbe interaction disease caused by plaque biofilm. Mechanical therapy is the mainstay treatment, while anti-infective therapy can serve as an adjunct. It then discusses various anti-infective agents including antibiotics, their mechanisms of action, appropriate uses, and guidelines for use as adjuncts to mechanical therapy for periodontal disease. It emphasizes the importance of disrupting biofilm for antibiotics to be effective and cautions about developing antibiotic resistance.
ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY
The document discusses the history of antimicrobial chemotherapy from its early uses to modern developments. It describes how chemotherapy has been used for centuries to treat diseases, with notable early examples including using bark from the cinchona tree for malaria and mercury for syphilis. The modern era began with Paul Ehrlich coining the term "chemotherapy" and developing the first synthesized drug Salvarsan to treat syphilis. Later developments included Gerhard Domagk discovering the first sulfa drug Prontosil and Alexander Fleming discovering the antibiotic penicillin from mold.
Presentation on antibiotics.
Antibiotics,antibiotics resistances,classification of antibiotics,misuse of antibiotics details discussed here. for more information visit my blog helpful for pharmacy and medical student.thanks.
http://mydreamlan.wordpress.com/category/education/
Rational use of antibiotics by RxVichuZ!
This PDF deals with important guidelines, with respect to usage of antibiotics. This PDF outlines the important strategies involved while using antibiotics, and important factors involving antibiotic selection.
Basic principles of antimicrobial therapy
The document discusses the basic principles of antimicrobial therapy. It states that antibiotics are often used inappropriately, for non-infective diseases or when surgical intervention is needed instead. Proper use of antibiotics requires using them for the appropriate duration and not as a replacement for good aseptic techniques like handwashing. The choice of antibiotic depends on factors like the infection source, likely pathogens, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and patient characteristics. Initial broad-spectrum therapy may be needed for serious infections but should be de-escalated once culture results are available to improve outcomes while minimizing resistance.
Pharma 2
The document discusses anti-infective agents, which are drugs designed to selectively target and kill invading microorganisms without harming the host's cells. It provides a brief history of anti-infective development and outlines several mechanisms of action, including interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. The document also discusses anti-infective classification, acquiring resistance, treatment considerations, antibiotic classes, and specific aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Rational use of antibiotics
1) Rational use of antibiotics is important to avoid adverse effects, antibiotic resistance and increased healthcare costs. Antibiotics should only be used for bacterial infections and are not needed for most viral infections.
2) In selecting an antibiotic, the aetiological agent, patient factors, pharmacokinetic properties of the drug, and efficacy of therapy should be considered. Antibiotics must achieve effective concentrations at the site of infection.
3) Guidelines provide recommendations for common infections, but clinical judgement is also needed. Empiric therapy should be modified based on culture results and the patient's response.
PRINCIPLES OF CHEMOTHERAPY.pptx
This document discusses the principles of chemotherapy and classification of chemotherapeutic agents. It begins by defining chemotherapy as using chemical substances that are selectively toxic to invading microorganisms or cancerous cells. The document then classifies antimicrobial agents and outlines the general principles of chemotherapy, including targeting treatment and attaining the minimum inhibitory concentration. It notes that concentration-dependent antimicrobials like aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones are affected by drug concentration, unlike time-dependent agents. The document closes by discussing guidelines for appropriate chemotherapy and categorizing antibacterial drugs by their effects, spectra, and modes of action.
UNIT 2; Anti Microbial.pptx
Chemotherapy uses chemical substances to treat diseases caused by pathogens. The first chemotherapy drug was mustard gas used in WWI. Doctors later discovered it could treat cancers of white blood cells. Proper chemotherapy requires identifying the infecting organism, determining drug susceptibility, selecting an effective drug based on various factors, and continuing treatment until the pathogen is eradicated. Combination therapy and adjusting treatment based on individual patient factors can improve outcomes, but also risks resistance developing.
Introduction to antimicrobial drugs
This document provides an introduction to antimicrobial drugs. It discusses the objectives of the lecture which include providing a historical review, definitions, and classifications of antimicrobial drugs. It covers ways that microbes can be killed and how antimicrobial drugs are classified based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and type of action. Combinations of antimicrobial drugs and their effects, as well as factors influencing drug effects like minimal inhibitory concentration and post-antibiotic effect, are summarized.
AMA-_Antimicrobials_Intro.pdf
Pharmacology Lecture Slides on Antimicrobials intro by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
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principle of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics
This document discusses principles of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It defines antimicrobial agents and antibiotics, and outlines ideal qualities such as killing pathogens without harming the host. Antibiotics can be natural, derived from fungi or bacteria, or synthetic. Terms like bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and synergistic effects are explained. The document also covers antibiotic resistance, mechanisms by which it occurs, and risks that can lead to resistance. Consequences of antibiotic resistance and measures to combat it are described. Finally, antibiotics are classified based on their activity, spectrum, absorption, and mechanism of action.
Chemotherapy seyoum
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy and antimicrobial drugs. It begins by discussing the history and development of antimicrobial drugs from 1910 onward. It then defines key terms related to chemotherapy and antimicrobial classification. The document discusses various classes of antimicrobial drugs like penicillins, cephalosporins, and beta-lactam inhibitors in detail. It covers the mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics and clinical uses of these drug classes. Adverse effects and resistance to penicillins are also summarized. The document provides classifications of antimicrobials and concludes by noting that cefotaxime and ceftriaxone effectively cross the blood-brain barrier to treat meningitis.
2. Choice and combined use of Anti-microbial agents
This document discusses factors that influence the choice and combined use of antimicrobial agents (AMAs). It notes that empiric therapy is sometimes necessary before laboratory results are available. When selecting AMAs, clinicians must consider the activity of the agent against the suspected organism, site of infection, administration route, metabolism/excretion, treatment duration, frequency, toxicity, cost, and local resistance rates. Combining AMAs can achieve synergism, broaden antimicrobial spectrum, reduce toxicity, prevent resistance emergence, and treat mixed infections, but may also increase adverse effects, resistance, costs, and superinfections if not used rationally.
Rational use of Antibiotics
It's all about the Rational use of Antibiotics. It will help medical students and health personnel to work out.
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are drugs that fight bacterial infections but not viral infections. While they have been effective, antibiotic resistance has emerged as bacteria evolve and develop ways to withstand antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs globally and is considered a major public health threat. It develops due to overuse, misuse and improper use of antibiotics in both humans and livestock. Rational antibiotic use through prudent prescribing practices and infection prevention can help curb the rise and spread of antibiotic resistance.
General principles of antimicrobial therapy
This document outlines several key principles of antimicrobial therapy, including:
- Selecting drugs based on their selective toxicity to pathogens, pharmacokinetics, and whether they are bacteriostatic or bactericidal.
- Considering concentration-dependent vs. time-dependent killing and the post-antibiotic effect.
- Using combination therapy appropriately to enhance effects and delay resistance.
- Choosing drugs based on the infection's spectrum, risk of superinfections, and empirical vs. prophylactic use.
- Accounting for microbial sensitivity, mechanisms of resistance development, and host factors like disease states and organ function.
- Managing adverse effects, drug interactions, and cost considerations.
Misuse of Antibiotic | Antibiotics helpful or harmful ?
Antibiotic misuse and overprescription has led to a growing problem of antibiotic resistance. When antibiotics are taken incorrectly, such as not finishing a full course of treatment, bacteria can evolve and become resistant to the antibiotics' effects. As a result, antibiotics become less effective in treating infections. Some of the factors contributing to antibiotic misuse include over-the-counter availability, stopping use after symptoms improve, and taking antibiotics for viral infections which they cannot treat. To help slow antibiotic resistance, it is important to only use antibiotics when necessary and as prescribed by a doctor.
Presentation1
This document discusses principles of antibiotic classification and use. It begins by defining antibiotics and outlining their importance as well as risks of misuse. It then categorizes antibiotics as bactericidal or bacteriostatic and discusses antibiotic susceptibility testing. Various classification schemes are provided based on antibiotic mechanisms of action, including inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, increasing membrane permeability, and interfering with protein or nucleic acid synthesis. The development of antibiotic resistance and methods to delay its emergence are also summarized.
Chemotheraphy general
The document discusses chemotherapy and antibiotics. It defines chemotherapy as treatment of infections with chemical agents, including antibiotics. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or destroy other microbes. Antibiotics can be classified based on their spectrum of activity (broad or narrow) and their mechanism of action, such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis, cell membrane function, protein synthesis, or nucleic acid synthesis.
General principles of antimicrobial therapy
This document provides an overview of general principles of antimicrobial therapy. It discusses key topics such as classes of antimicrobial agents based on their mechanism of action and targets, pharmacokinetic principles for dosing, types and goals of antimicrobial therapy including prophylaxis, empirical and definitive treatment. It also covers mechanisms of resistance, how resistance emerges evolutionarily, and principles of combination antimicrobial chemotherapy. The overall aim is to help readers understand fundamental concepts in antimicrobial drug selection, use and resistance.
Antibiotics
This document is a biology project on antibiotics completed by Riya Gupta of class XII-A at VSPK International School during the 2017-2018 academic year under the guidance of Ms. Jasbir Kaur. It includes an introduction to antibiotics, how they work, common uses and classes of antibiotics, possible side effects, issues with stopping antibiotics early, antibiotic allergies, and antibiotic resistance. The project cites five references used in its creation.
Chemotherapy in periodontology
This document discusses anti-infective therapy for periodontal disease. It begins by defining periodontal disease as a host-microbe interaction disease caused by plaque biofilm. Mechanical therapy is the mainstay treatment, while anti-infective therapy can serve as an adjunct. It then discusses various anti-infective agents including antibiotics, their mechanisms of action, appropriate uses, and guidelines for use as adjuncts to mechanical therapy for periodontal disease. It emphasizes the importance of disrupting biofilm for antibiotics to be effective and cautions about developing antibiotic resistance.
ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY
The document discusses the history of antimicrobial chemotherapy from its early uses to modern developments. It describes how chemotherapy has been used for centuries to treat diseases, with notable early examples including using bark from the cinchona tree for malaria and mercury for syphilis. The modern era began with Paul Ehrlich coining the term "chemotherapy" and developing the first synthesized drug Salvarsan to treat syphilis. Later developments included Gerhard Domagk discovering the first sulfa drug Prontosil and Alexander Fleming discovering the antibiotic penicillin from mold.
Presentation on antibiotics.
Antibiotics,antibiotics resistances,classification of antibiotics,misuse of antibiotics details discussed here. for more information visit my blog helpful for pharmacy and medical student.thanks.
http://mydreamlan.wordpress.com/category/education/
Rational use of antibiotics by RxVichuZ!
This PDF deals with important guidelines, with respect to usage of antibiotics. This PDF outlines the important strategies involved while using antibiotics, and important factors involving antibiotic selection.
Basic principles of antimicrobial therapy
The document discusses the basic principles of antimicrobial therapy. It states that antibiotics are often used inappropriately, for non-infective diseases or when surgical intervention is needed instead. Proper use of antibiotics requires using them for the appropriate duration and not as a replacement for good aseptic techniques like handwashing. The choice of antibiotic depends on factors like the infection source, likely pathogens, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and patient characteristics. Initial broad-spectrum therapy may be needed for serious infections but should be de-escalated once culture results are available to improve outcomes while minimizing resistance.
Pharma 2
The document discusses anti-infective agents, which are drugs designed to selectively target and kill invading microorganisms without harming the host's cells. It provides a brief history of anti-infective development and outlines several mechanisms of action, including interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. The document also discusses anti-infective classification, acquiring resistance, treatment considerations, antibiotic classes, and specific aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Rational use of antibiotics
1) Rational use of antibiotics is important to avoid adverse effects, antibiotic resistance and increased healthcare costs. Antibiotics should only be used for bacterial infections and are not needed for most viral infections.
2) In selecting an antibiotic, the aetiological agent, patient factors, pharmacokinetic properties of the drug, and efficacy of therapy should be considered. Antibiotics must achieve effective concentrations at the site of infection.
3) Guidelines provide recommendations for common infections, but clinical judgement is also needed. Empiric therapy should be modified based on culture results and the patient's response.
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2. Choice and combined use of Anti-microbial agents
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General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistance
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Misuse of Antibiotic | Antibiotics helpful or harmful ?
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PRINCIPLES OF CHEMOTHERAPY.pptx
This document discusses the principles of chemotherapy and classification of chemotherapeutic agents. It begins by defining chemotherapy as using chemical substances that are selectively toxic to invading microorganisms or cancerous cells. The document then classifies antimicrobial agents and outlines the general principles of chemotherapy, including targeting treatment and attaining the minimum inhibitory concentration. It notes that concentration-dependent antimicrobials like aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones are affected by drug concentration, unlike time-dependent agents. The document closes by discussing guidelines for appropriate chemotherapy and categorizing antibacterial drugs by their effects, spectra, and modes of action.
UNIT 2; Anti Microbial.pptx
Chemotherapy uses chemical substances to treat diseases caused by pathogens. The first chemotherapy drug was mustard gas used in WWI. Doctors later discovered it could treat cancers of white blood cells. Proper chemotherapy requires identifying the infecting organism, determining drug susceptibility, selecting an effective drug based on various factors, and continuing treatment until the pathogen is eradicated. Combination therapy and adjusting treatment based on individual patient factors can improve outcomes, but also risks resistance developing.
Introduction to antimicrobial drugs
This document provides an introduction to antimicrobial drugs. It discusses the objectives of the lecture which include providing a historical review, definitions, and classifications of antimicrobial drugs. It covers ways that microbes can be killed and how antimicrobial drugs are classified based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and type of action. Combinations of antimicrobial drugs and their effects, as well as factors influencing drug effects like minimal inhibitory concentration and post-antibiotic effect, are summarized.
AMA-_Antimicrobials_Intro.pdf
Pharmacology Lecture Slides on Antimicrobials intro by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
intro.ppt
This document discusses principles of antimicrobial therapy. It defines antimicrobial drugs as substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. It also defines key terms like antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, bacteriostatic, bactericidal and antibiotic. The document outlines factors to consider in antimicrobial therapy like the infection site, patient factors, drug factors, minimum inhibitory concentration and mechanisms of microbial resistance. It discusses using drug combinations to treat infections and defines antimicrobial spectrum.
Unit II-Part A- Antibiotics Provided By Immam Ud Din.pptx
This document provides an overview of antibiotics and antimicrobial therapy. It defines key terms like antibiotics, defines categories of antibiotics based on their spectrum, and discusses factors involved in selecting appropriate antimicrobial agents. The document also covers intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance and provides a brief history of antibiotics prior to the introduction of penicillin.
Antimicrobial chemotherapy
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. It begins with an introduction to the historical background of chemotherapy and defines antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. It then classifies antimicrobial agents into four main categories: antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic. The mechanisms of action and general characteristics of antimicrobial drugs are described. Key differences between antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy are outlined. In conclusion, the document stresses the importance of understanding antimicrobial classification, mechanisms of action, and properties for optimal patient care and prevention of resistance.
Chp no 2 anti-microbial.pptx
This document discusses antimicrobial drugs and provides information about their use. It begins by defining antimicrobial drugs as substances that kill or suppress microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses and more. It then lists some common infections treated with antimicrobial drugs. The document goes on to discuss antimicrobial terminology, mechanisms of action, principles of selecting the appropriate drug, indications for use, and appropriate nursing implications when administering antimicrobial drugs to patients. It emphasizes the importance of preventing resistance, assessing treatment response and monitoring for adverse effects.
CHEMOTHERAPY
This document summarizes chemotherapy and antibiotic resistance. It discusses:
- The development of chemotherapy from the 1850s onward, including the discovery of sulfa drugs, penicillin, and streptomycin.
- How chemotherapeutic agents work, including their therapeutic index and mechanisms of action. Common classes of antimicrobial drugs like sulfa drugs, penicillin, and cephalosporins are described.
- How bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics through mechanisms like preventing drug entry, pumping drugs out, and enzymatically inactivating drugs. Genetic mutations also allow bacteria to evade antibiotics.
Antibiotics
This document provides an overview of antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, and common types. It discusses how antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. The major classes covered include penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Specific antibiotics are given within each class with details on their indications, mechanisms, and side effects. Combination antibiotic therapy and developing antibiotic resistance are also summarized.
Antibiotics 150406092448-conversion-gate01
This document provides an overview of different classes of antibiotics, including their mechanisms of action, common uses, and side effects. It discusses penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, macrolides, ketolides, lincosamides, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. It also covers topics like antibiotic resistance, combinations, ideal properties, and complications of antibiotic therapy.
Principles of antibiotic chemotherapy
This document discusses principles of chemotherapy and antimicrobial drugs. It defines chemotherapy and different types of antimicrobials such as antibiotics, antimicrobials, antivirals etc. It describes sources of antimicrobial drugs and factors to consider for drug selection and administration like diagnosis, drug properties, and patient factors. It also covers classification of antimicrobials, mechanisms of drug resistance, problems of antimicrobial use, and advantages/disadvantages of combined drug use.
Antibacterial agents are a group of materials that selectively destroy bacter...
An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.
Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against.
For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals are used against fungi.
Antivirals: used against virus
Chemotherapy lecture note.pptx
The document discusses general principles of antimicrobial therapy and chemotherapy of infectious diseases. It covers topics such as the ideal properties of antimicrobial drugs, mechanisms of bacterial resistance, principles of antimicrobial selection and combination therapy. It also discusses appropriate and misuse of antimicrobial agents, highlighting the importance of judicious antibiotic use to prevent resistance.
Antibiotics.pptx
This document discusses antibiotics, including their definitions, classifications, mechanisms of action, and resistance. Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. They are classified based on their mechanism of action (such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis), spectrum of activity (narrow or broad), and mode of action (bacteriostatic or bactericidal). Antibiotic resistance can occur through several mechanisms such as bacteria producing enzymes to inactivate antibiotics or reducing permeability to drugs. Combining antibiotics can result in synergistic effects against certain organisms.
Rational use of antibiotics
Rational Use of Antibiotics. Infection was a major cause of morbidity and mortality, before the development of antibiotics.
The treatment of infections faced a great challenge during those periods.
Later in 1928, the discovery of Penicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, by Alexander Fleming opened up the golden era of antibiotics.
It marked a revolution in the treatment of infectious diseases and stimulated new efforts to synthesize newer antibiotics.
The period between the 1950s and 1970s is considered the golden era of discovery of novel antibiotic classes, with very few classes discovered since then.
Prophylaxis and empirical uses of antibiotics
This document discusses antimicrobial agents and antibiotic prophylaxis. It defines antimicrobials as agents that kill or inhibit microorganisms. Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial produced by one microbe to harm others. The document classifies different types of antimicrobials and notes a wide range of chemical and natural compounds are used. It describes antibiotic prophylaxis as using antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection, especially before surgical procedures to reduce risks. Key aspects of choosing appropriate prophylactic antibiotics include the procedure type, drug kinetics, microbiology of the site, and hospital-specific antibiotic resistance patterns. Empirical therapy involves starting treatment based on clinical observations before lab results to identify the specific pathogen.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AWARENESS .pptx
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic use. It defines antibiotics and their classifications including site of action, mode of action, and spectrum of activity. It discusses the misuse of antibiotics and factors that can lead to drug resistance. Antimicrobial resistance has reached crisis levels and is linked to overuse of antibiotics. The document recommends educating healthcare professionals, hospitals, pharmacists, students and patients about appropriate antibiotic usage to curb rising antimicrobial resistance.
Principles of Chemotherapy.pptx
Basic Principles of Chemotherapy includes the detailed information about Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial agents and their activities.
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Unit II-Part A- Antibiotics Provided By Immam Ud Din.pptx
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Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. The main types are type 1 diabetes, which accounts for 10% of cases and results from autoimmune destruction of beta cells, and type 2 diabetes, which accounts for 80% of cases and involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Diagnosis is confirmed by random plasma glucose over 200 mg/dL or an oral glucose tolerance test. Complications include acute issues like ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia, and chronic complications involving the cardiovascular, renal, neurological, and ophthalmic systems.
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Human anatomy is the study of structures in the human body including both gross anatomy, which examines structures visible to the naked eye, and microscopic anatomy, which uses microscopes. Human physiology is the study of how the body functions. The document outlines several branches and subspecialties of anatomy and physiology including embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, radiographic anatomy, pathological anatomy, neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, and pathophysiology.
Quinolones
This document summarizes quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Quinolones are synthetic antibiotics that are primarily effective against gram-negative bacteria, with newer fluorinated versions also active against gram-positives. Common adverse effects include GI issues, headaches, and tendinitis. Ciprofloxacin is rapidly absorbed orally and used to treat various bacterial infections. Other fluoroquinolones like norfloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin have varying spectrums of activity and clinical uses for urinary, respiratory, and other types of infections.
Genotoxicity studies
This presentation gives the brief idea of the various guidelines carried out to study the genetic damage to cells when there is a discover of new active molecule.
Clinical trial designs
Clinical trial designs can be categorized in several ways:
1. Based on the method used to allocate participants such as randomized controlled trials, non-randomized controlled trials, parallel group designs, crossover designs, and withdrawal designs.
2. Based on awareness of participants and researchers, such as blinded, unblinded, and double-blinded trials.
3. Based on the magnitude of activity being tested, such as superiority, inferiority, equality, and dose-response relationships.
Common trial types include pilot studies, which test experimental design on a small scale, and placebo-controlled trials, which compare an intervention to a placebo. Randomized controlled trials are considered the gold standard for assigning participants randomly to treatment or
Screening of antipyretic drugs
This document summarizes screening methods for evaluating the antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects of drugs in animal models. It describes using the Brewer's yeast suspension method to induce fever in rats and rabbits, and then testing potential antipyretic drugs. Key points:
1) Drugs are given to fevered animals and temperatures recorded at intervals to see if drugs lower elevated body temperatures compared to controls.
2) Studies summarized evaluated antipyretic effects of extracts from Bauhinia racemosa and Gracilaria corticata seaweed in rats. Both produced significant antipyretic activity.
3) The rabbit model uses bacterial lipopolysaccharides to induce fever and tests
Applications of uv visible spectroscopy
UV-visible spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of light in the UV and visible light ranges. It is useful for determining conjugation and distinguishing between conjugated and non-conjugated compounds. It has applications in identifying unknown compounds, determining the extent of conjugation, and elucidating the structures of molecules like vitamins. It can also provide information about configuration, hydrogen bonding, molecular weight, and detect impurities. The Woodward-Fieser rules allow calculating the expected absorption maxima for certain functional groups.
Cell signalling
This document discusses intracellular and extracellular cell signaling. It defines cell signaling as communication between cells using chemical signals or ligands. Extracellular signaling occurs between cells and can be contact-dependent, paracrine, synaptic, or endocrine. Intracellular signaling involves signal transduction across the cell membrane and secondary messengers that activate intracellular signaling pathways involving protein phosphorylation or GTP-binding proteins. Key signaling pathways include G-protein coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases that activate intracellular cascades to regulate processes like gene expression, cell growth, and metabolism.
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Chemotherpy
- 1. CHEMOTHERPY Prepared by: Sindhoora D Assistant Professor Dept.Of.Pharmacology
- 2. • Chemotherapy: chemo + therapy Chemotherapy is defined as the treatment of specific infection with chemical agents. In the broad sense includes therapy with antibiotics and also condition where infection is not involved eg: maligancy • The use of drug (chemical entity/ substance derived form microorganisms) with selective toxicity against infections/ viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and helminthes is called as chemotherapy.
- 4. • This agent may be: *Bacteriostatic *Bactericidal
- 6. • Broad-spectrum antibiotics : • are active against a wider number of bacterial types and, thus, may be used to treat a variety of infectious diseases. • Gram-positive and Gram-negative, or any antibiotic that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria • Narrow-spectrum antibiotics • are active against a select group of bacterial types.
- 7. SULFONAMIDES • Sulfonamide is a functional group (a part of a molecule) that is the basis of several groups of drugs, which are called sulphonamides, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs. • Antimicrobial activity: 1. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria 2. Actinomyces and nocardia 3. Chlamydial organisms. Resistance : • Increased amount of PABA • Folate synthase has low affinity • Alternate pathway for folate metabolism
- 10. Pharmacokinetics: • Absorbed in g.i.t • Cross placenta • Distributed all the body fluids • Not CSF, but in meningeal inflammation high con in CSF • Acetylation • Excreted in urine • Radical causes adverse effect
- 11. Adverse effect: • Nausea,vomiting and epigastric pain • Crystalluria • Hypersensitivity rarely • Haemopoietics toxicities agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia. Uses: • Acute bacillary dysentry • Ulcerative colitis • Meningococcal meningitis • Prophylaxis of streptococcal tonsillitis
- 12. Cotrimaxazole • The fixed dose of combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is called cotrimaxazole. • Inhibits DHFRase enzyme. Adverse effect: • Nausea ,vomiting and skin rashes • Anaemia, leucopenia and thrmobcytopenia • Stomatitis,glossitis and crysllauria. Uses: • Urinary infection due to E.coli and Proteus • Respiratory infection, gonorrhea and typhoid fever.