The document describes the process of mitosis in eukaryotic cells. Mitosis is the part of the cell cycle where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. It involves five main phases - prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During these phases, the chromosomes condense and duplicate, then separate and move to opposite sides of the cell before new nuclear membranes form, dividing the cell into two identical daughter cells each with the same genetic information. Mitosis allows organisms to grow and repair themselves by dividing cells.

2. Cell Cycle
• Is the regular pattern of growth,
DNA duplication and cell division
that occurs in eukaryotic cells.

3. WHAT IS MITOSIS?
• In the context of the cell cycle, mitosis is the
part of the division process in which the DNA
of the cell's nucleus split into two equal sets
of chromosomes.
• Mitosis is a process where a single cell
divides into two identical daughter cells (cell
division).
• During mitosis one cell divides once to
form two identical cells.

4. Discovery
• German zoologist Otto Bütschli might have
claimed the discovery of the process presently
known as "mitosis",a term coined by Walther
Flemming in 1882.
• Mitosis was discovered in frog, rabbit, and
cat cornea cells in 1873 and described for the
first time by the Polish histologist Wacław
Mayzel in 1875.
• The term is derived from the Greek word
μίτος mitos "warp thread".

5. Phases of Mitosis :
• Prophase
• Prometaphase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

7. PROPHASE
• The DNA and proteins condense into tightly coiled
X-shaped chromosomes structures that can be
easily seen under a microscope.
• Chromosomes line up in pairs and are joined at
the centromere. Each chromosome is composed
of two sister chromatids, containing identical
genetic information.
• Protein strands of centrioles appears. And lastly,
the nucleolus disappears.

9. PROMETAPHASE
• Occurs when nuclear membrane is broken
down.
• The spindle fibers form as microtubules
begin to grow out of the centrioles to
move to the opposite poles of the cell.
• Microtubules attached to the kinetochore
of each sister chromatid.

11. METAPHASE
• The mitotic spindle fibers attach to each
of the sister chromatids.
• The chromosomes line up neatly end-to-
end along the center (equator) of the
cell.
• The centrioles are now at opposite poles
of the cell with the mitotic spindle fibers
extending from them.

13. ANAPHASE
• The sister chromatids are then pulled apart by
the mitotic spindle which pulls one chromatid
to one pole and the other chromatid to the
opposite pole.
• The centromere that holds the sister
chromatid together move away from each
other along its spindle fiber.

15. • The paired chromosomes separate. They
move along the microtubules toward
opposite poles of the cell.
• The poles move farther apart. By the
end of anaphase, the two poles of the
cell each have a complete set of
chromosomes.

16. TELOPHASE
• At each pole of the cell a full set of
chromosomes gather together.
• A membrane forms around each set of
chromosomes to create two new nuclei.
• As new nuclear envelope starts to form
around each group, the chromosomes
uncoil and the spindle disappears.

18. • Nuclear envelopes are formed, the nucleoli
reappear, the chromatin of the
chromosomes uncoils.
• Mitosis is now complete: one nucleus has
divided into two genetically identical nuclei.
Cytokinesis follows which pinches the cells
in two.

19. • The single cell then pinches in the middle
to form two separate daughter cells each
containing a full set of chromosomes.
The next phase known as Cytokinesis will
takes place.

20. CYTOKINESIS
• A membrane forms around each set of
chromosomes to create two new nuclei.
• The single cell then pinches in the middle to
form two separate daughter cells each
containing a full set of chromosomes within
a nucleus.

21. Why is mitosis important to all
living things?
• The importance of mitosis to
living organisms is that it
allows organisms to grow in size and repair
themselves.
• When an organism grows, its cells do not
grow larger; they divide to make more of
themselves through the process of mitosis,
or cell division.

22. Why do cells undergo the process
of mitosis?
• Cells are the fundamental units that carry out vital
functions necessary for the survival of an organism.
To sustain life, most cells need to constantly divide.
• Cells divide for many reasons. For example, when
you skin your knee, cells divide to replace old, dead,
or damaged cells.
• Cells also divide so living things can grow. When
organisms grow, it isn't because cells are getting
larger.

23. REVIEW
1. Examine the picture of the cell. What
phase is the cell in?
A. prophase
B. anaphase
C. metaphase
D. telophase

24. B. ANAPHASE

25. 2. During which phase do chromosome
first become visible?
A. prometaphase
B. telophase
C. metaphase
D. prophase

26. D. PROPHASE

27. 3. A cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes
mitosis. How many daughter cells are
created? ___ Each daughter cell has ___
chromosomes.
A. 2, 10
B. 10, 2
C. 1, 10
D. 2, 20

28. D. 2, 10

29. 4. What structure is responsible for moving
the chromosomes during mitosis?
A. nucleolus
B. nuclear membrane
C. spindle fibers
D. cytoplasm

30. C. SPINDLE
FIBERS

31. 5. Cytokinesis begins after in which phase?
A. metaphase
B. telophase
C. prophase
D. anaphase

32. B. TELOPHASE

33. 6. Which phase occurs directly after
metaphase?
A. anaphase
B. telophase
C. metaphase
D. prophase

34. A. ANAPHASE

35. 7. What holds the sister chromatids in
place during prophase?
A. Centrioles
B. Kinetochore
C. Centromere
D. Spindle fibers

36. C. CENTOMERE

37. 8. The nuclear membrane is formed
around the newly-formed sets of
daughter chromosomes during the
telophase.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE

38. A. TRUE

39. 9. Which stage of mitosis is depicted in the
diagram below?
A. Anaphase
B. Telophase
C. Prophase
D. Metaphase

40. C. PROPHASE

41. AS A SUMMARY…

42. • https://quizlet.com/4007155/stages-of-
mitosis-flash-cards/
• http://sciencing.com/types-cells-
organisms-undergo-mitosis-meiosis-
8507.html
• http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants
/dawsonm/cells/Stages_of_Mitosis.htm
• http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/
0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/a
nimation__mitosis_and_cytokinesis.html

43. • http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-
mitosis-definition-stages-function.html
• HOLT McDOUGALBiology, Stephen Nowicki,
2010