This document summarizes key information about nucleic acids. It discusses that Friedrich Miescher first isolated and identified nucleic acids in 1871. There are two main types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA. DNA serves as the permanent storage for genetic information that controls RNA synthesis and protein development. RNA is synthesized from DNA and transports genetic information for protein synthesis. Nucleic acids play essential roles in processes like mitosis, meiosis, and providing energy. The document also describes the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of nucleic acids.

1. NUCLEIC ACIDS

2. Friedrich Miescher in 1869
(Young Swiss physician)
• The first researcher to isolate and identify nucleic acid.
• Discovered nucleic acids in 1871.

3. Nucleic Acids
• Were first isolated from the cellular nucleus. They are huge polymers with
molecular masses of over 100 million.
• Are the largest and the most complex organic molecules.
• They are also macromolecules found in all cells, and it is a transmission and
translation of genetic information.

4. Two types of nucleic acid
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

5. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• DNA is a permanent storage place for genetic information.
• Controls the synthesis of RNA
• The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the protein
development in a new cells.

6. DNA Function
• The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called gene, but other
DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use
of this genetic information.
• The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information.

7. RNA(Ribonucleic acid)
• RNA is synthesized by DNA for the transportation of genetic information to the
protein building apparatus in the cell.
• RNA also directs the synthesis of new proteins using the genetic information it
has transported.
• MRNA ( messenger ribonucleic acid) is used to transfer genetic information
through plasma membranes.

8. RNA Function
• Converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequence of
proteins.
The three universal types of RNA
• Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Ribosomes RNA

9. Nucleic Acids play an essential
role in:
• Mitosis- is essential to life because it replaces damaged or dead cells, repairs
tissues, and allows the body to grow (in mass and size).
• Meiosis- meiosis is the process in which sex cells are created. Without nuclei
acids, meiosis would be impossible, and so would reproduction.
• Providing Energy- nucleic acids can be used to create energy in the form of
ATP(Adenosine triphosphate).

10. Nucleic Acid
Nucleotides
Phosphoric Acid Nucleosides
Sugar, Ribose or
deoxyribose
Purine, Guanine
and Adenine
Pyramids base
Cytosine, Uracil
or Thymine

11. Levels of Nucleic acids
• Primary Structure
• Secondary Structure
• Tertiary Structure

12. Primary Structure
• Consist of a linear sequence of nucleotides that are linked together by
phosphodiester bond.
- Nucleotides consists of 3 components:
• Nitrogenous base
• 5-carbon sugar
• One or more phosphate groups

13. Secondary Structure
• In DNA double helix, the tow standards of DNA are held together by hydrogen
bonds.
• The secondary structure is responsible for the shape that the nucleic acid
assumes.

14. Tertiary Structure
• A higher action than the secondary structure in which large scale folding in a
linear polymer occurs and the entire chain is folded into specific 3-dimensional
shape.

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