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Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that generate most of a cell's supply of ATP, which is used as a source of chemical energy. They have two membranes and a matrix inside. Mitochondria were first observed in the 1840s and named in 1898. They range in size from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometers and can vary widely in number per cell. Mitochondria contain enzymes that combine food molecules with oxygen to digest the materials and produce energy for the cell. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to several human diseases.
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Mitochondria
The document summarizes key aspects of mitochondria. It discusses how mitochondria were first observed in 1850 and are commonly called the "powerhouse of the cell". It describes their structure, which includes an outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, and matrix. The inner membrane contains complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. The matrix contains enzymes for cellular respiration and expression of mitochondrial genes. Mitochondria are involved in many functions including energy production, calcium storage, hormone production, detoxification, and roles in processes like apoptosis. The document outlines mitochondrial dynamics of fission and fusion as well as biogenesis. It details the mitochondrial genome and genes encoded.
Mitochodria
Mitochondria are organelles that produce ATP through aerobic respiration. They have an outer and inner membrane and contain DNA separate from the cell's nucleus. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis within plant cells. The endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins and lipids throughout the cell, while the Golgi body packages proteins into vesicles for transport. Lysosomes digest unwanted materials and debris, and vacuoles store waste and nutrients. Peroxisomes also contain membrane-bound enzymes and participate in metabolic processes.
Structure and functions of Mitochondria
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “Structure and Functions of Mitochondria” consists of 118 slides with following sub-heads
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
SYNTHESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATION OF MITOCHNDRIA
SHAPE , SIZE AND NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA –POWER HOUSE OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA/ GENOME
TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS INTO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
Microtubules
Microtubules are an essential component of the cytoskeleton that help maintain cellular structure and enable various cellular movements and transport processes. They are composed of alpha and beta tubulin subunits that polymerize to form protofilaments which assemble into microtubules. Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo growth and shrinkage. Recent research has provided new insights into how microtubules and motor proteins self-organize to form larger cellular structures like spindles during cell division. Additionally, a protein called DRG1 has been found to promote microtubule polymerization and bundling, helping to regulate spindle assembly and dynamics.
2.3 eukaryotic cells
The document outlines the key structures and functions of eukaryotic cells including animal cells, plant cells, and comparisons between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes how to draw and label a diagram of a liver cell, identify organelles in electron micrographs, compare differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, state differences between plant and animal cells, and outline the roles of extracellular components in plants and animals.
Microtubules
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The very informative presentation... the basically defined as cytoskeleton and their role in cell and cell structure...
Cytoskeleton - microtubules ,microfilaments and intermediate filaments
The cytoskeleton is made up of three main filament systems - microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are the thickest and made of tubulin, forming hollow tubes that help transport cellular cargo and separate chromosomes during cell division. Microfilaments are the thinnest and made of actin, enabling cell movement and shape changes. Intermediate filaments are in between the other two in diameter and made of various proteins, maintaining cell shape. Collectively, the cytoskeleton gives cells their structure, allows movement, and aids transport within cells.
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Mitochondria
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Mitochodria
Mitochondria are organelles that produce ATP through aerobic respiration. They have an outer and inner membrane and contain DNA separate from the cell's nucleus. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis within plant cells. The endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins and lipids throughout the cell, while the Golgi body packages proteins into vesicles for transport. Lysosomes digest unwanted materials and debris, and vacuoles store waste and nutrients. Peroxisomes also contain membrane-bound enzymes and participate in metabolic processes.
Structure and functions of Mitochondria
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “Structure and Functions of Mitochondria” consists of 118 slides with following sub-heads
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MITOCHONDRIA
SYNTHESIS OF MITOCHONDRIA
ISOLATION OF MITOCHNDRIA
SHAPE , SIZE AND NUMBER OF MITOCHONDRIA
STRUCTURE OF MITOCHONDRIA
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA –POWER HOUSE OF CELL
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA/ GENOME
TRANSPORT OF PROTEINS INTO MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIAL INHERITANCE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
Microtubules
Microtubules are an essential component of the cytoskeleton that help maintain cellular structure and enable various cellular movements and transport processes. They are composed of alpha and beta tubulin subunits that polymerize to form protofilaments which assemble into microtubules. Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo growth and shrinkage. Recent research has provided new insights into how microtubules and motor proteins self-organize to form larger cellular structures like spindles during cell division. Additionally, a protein called DRG1 has been found to promote microtubule polymerization and bundling, helping to regulate spindle assembly and dynamics.
2.3 eukaryotic cells
The document outlines the key structures and functions of eukaryotic cells including animal cells, plant cells, and comparisons between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes how to draw and label a diagram of a liver cell, identify organelles in electron micrographs, compare differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, state differences between plant and animal cells, and outline the roles of extracellular components in plants and animals.
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The presentation consists of 57 slides,describes following heads
• DISCOVERY
• INTRODUCTION
• BIOGENESIS OF ER
• ISOLATION OF MICROSOMES FROM E R
• STRUCTURE
• COMPONENTS OF ER
CISTERNAE
VESICLES
TUBULES
• MAIN FUNCTION OF ER
• TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• FUNCTIONS OF SER
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• FUNCTIONS OF RER
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
Cilia and flagella ppt by ramana babu
Cilia and flagella are hair-like cell protrusions that help move fluids over cell surfaces or propel cells. Cilia are shorter and more numerous, covering the cell body, while flagella are longer single structures that propel cells like sperm. Both contain microtubule structures arranged in a 9+2 pattern. They function in locomotion, moving fluids like mucus, capturing food, and sensing chemicals.
Endoplasmic reticulum- cell Organelle
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of interconnected membranes found throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It consists of flat sacs and tubules with a single continuous lumen. The ER is involved in protein transport and synthesis, lipid and steroid synthesis, calcium storage, and processing of toxins. It has two types - smooth ER which lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis, and rough ER which is studded with ribosomes and is the main site of protein synthesis.
Cytoskeleton
Motor molecules also carry vesicles or organelles to various destinations along “monorails’ provided by the cytoskeleton.
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are considered the powerhouses of the cell. They contain their own DNA and machinery for transcription and translation. Evidence suggests that mitochondria originated from bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells in an endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria have similarities to bacteria in terms of size, membrane structure, ribosomes, and DNA shape. They produce energy for the cell through oxidative phosphorylation and are involved in processes like apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to disease by failing to produce sufficient energy for cellular functions.
Plastids
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Presentation on Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found in most eukaryotic cells that are known as the "powerhouse of the cell". They have an outer and inner membrane that create compartments and folds (cristae) within the organelle. The matrix space inside contains enzymes and DNA. Mitochondria produce energy for the cell in the form of ATP through cellular respiration using nutrients from the cytoplasm. They also play a role in cellular inheritance as they contain some DNA.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The document describes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is a network of membranous tubules and sacs found in eukaryotic cells. There are two types: smooth ER, which forms lipids and steroids, and rough ER, which has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein synthesis. The ER has a double membrane structure with cisternae, tubules, and vesicles. It performs important cellular functions like protein transport, detoxification, and ATP synthesis.
Mitochondria
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Nucleus Structure
The document discusses the key components and structure of the nucleus. It notes that the nucleus was discovered in 1831 and is the controlling center of the cell, usually located in the center. The nucleus contains the cell's hereditary information and controls growth and reproduction. It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope membrane and houses chromosomes, which contain DNA. The nucleus also contains a nucleolus that produces ribosomal RNA, chromosomes that carry DNA, and nucleoplasm similar to cytoplasm.
Nucleus
The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that houses the cell's genetic material. It was first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century and further described by Robert Brown in the 19th century. The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope and contains chromatin fibers, nucleoplasm, and one or more nucleoli. It controls cell functions and stores the cell's genetic information in the form of DNA.
Mitochondria converted-converted-converted
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation to power the cell's activities. Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA and ribosomes. They likely originated through the endosymbiosis of ancient bacteria by early eukaryotic cells. The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded into cristae to increase surface area for ATP production. Mitochondria vary in size, shape, and number depending on the cell type but perform essential functions like aerobic respiration.
THE CYTOSKELETON
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm. It provides structure and organization to the cell, determining shape and positioning organelles. The three main types of filaments are actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Actin filaments are the thinnest filaments and form structures like filopodia, lamellipodia, and stress fibers. Microtubules are hollow cylinders composed of tubulin dimers and originate from the centrosome. They are involved in processes like cell division, organelle transport, and motility. Cilia and flagella project from the cell surface and use microtubule motors for movement.
Centrioles
The document summarizes centrosomes and centrioles. It discusses that centrosomes are located near the nucleus and are responsible for cell division, cytokinesis, and cytoskeleton formation. Within centrosomes are centrioles, which are made up of nine groups of microtubules arranged in a ring. Centrioles play important roles in cell division through organizing the mitotic spindle, cellular organization by organizing microtubules, and formation of cilia and flagella. Centriole duplication is coupled with the cell cycle and centrosome duplication occurs in early S phase through assembly of a new procentriole next to each parental centriole.
Cytoskeleton structure. Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.
The structure of the cytoskeleton is explained. including microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
Centrioles (introduction, function, duplication )
Centrioles are cytoplasmic organelles found in eukaryotic cells that lack a limiting membrane or DNA. They are composed mainly of tubulin protein and arranged in a 9+3 pattern of microtubules. Centrioles help organize microtubules and form basal bodies for cilia/flagella. During cell division, the centrioles move to opposite poles and form the mitotic spindle, helping pull sister chromatids apart into daughter cells. Centrioles duplicate during S phase and are involved in both mitosis and meiosis.
Cell motility cilia and flagella
Cilia and flagella are hair-like organelles that project from the surface of eukaryotic cells. They are composed of microtubules arranged in a 9+2 pattern and powered by dynein motor proteins. Cilia are usually shorter and more numerous, while flagella are longer and occur singly or in pairs. Cilia create currents for functions like moving mucus and debris in the lungs. Flagella propel sperm and protists through fluid. Both undergo intracellular transport to assemble and are shed and regrown from basal bodies that anchor them.
Endoplasmic reticulum
This document provides an overview of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It begins by describing the initial observations of the ER in 1945 and defines it as a network of tubules, vesicles and flattened sacs within cells. There are two main types - the rough ER (RER) which is studded with ribosomes, and the smooth ER (SER) which lacks ribosomes. The RER synthesizes proteins and is involved in glycoprotein formation, while the SER functions in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, and production of other cell organelles. Transport between the ER and Golgi apparatus occurs via transport vesicles. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a form of SER found in muscle cells and stores and
Endoplasmic reticulum
The document summarizes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It discusses that the ER was first observed in 1945 as a lace-like network in chick embryo cells. The ER is a network of tubules, vesicles and flattened sacs called cisternae found in the cytoplasm. There are two main types - the rough ER (RER) which is studded with ribosomes, and the smooth ER (SER) which lacks ribosomes. The RER synthesizes proteins and transports them to the Golgi apparatus in transport vesicles. The SER functions in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification in the liver. It also regulates calcium ion levels in muscle cells.
The mitochondria
The mitochondria were first discovered in the 1900s by Richard Altmann and are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane and can be rod-shaped, ranging from 0.5-10 micrometers in size.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found in most cells that produce energy through aerobic respiration. They convert nutrients into ATP, which fuels cellular activities, earning mitochondria their nickname as the "powerhouse of the cell." A mitochondrion contains inner and outer membranes that create distinct regions, including the matrix where ATP production occurs through redox reactions and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria play a dominant role in cellular energy conversion by producing ATP using enzymes in the inner membrane.
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Intermediate filaments
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The presentation consists of 57 slides,describes following heads
• DISCOVERY
• INTRODUCTION
• BIOGENESIS OF ER
• ISOLATION OF MICROSOMES FROM E R
• STRUCTURE
• COMPONENTS OF ER
CISTERNAE
VESICLES
TUBULES
• MAIN FUNCTION OF ER
• TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)
• FUNCTIONS OF SER
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
• FUNCTIONS OF RER
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS
Cilia and flagella ppt by ramana babu
Cilia and flagella are hair-like cell protrusions that help move fluids over cell surfaces or propel cells. Cilia are shorter and more numerous, covering the cell body, while flagella are longer single structures that propel cells like sperm. Both contain microtubule structures arranged in a 9+2 pattern. They function in locomotion, moving fluids like mucus, capturing food, and sensing chemicals.
Endoplasmic reticulum- cell Organelle
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of interconnected membranes found throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. It consists of flat sacs and tubules with a single continuous lumen. The ER is involved in protein transport and synthesis, lipid and steroid synthesis, calcium storage, and processing of toxins. It has two types - smooth ER which lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis, and rough ER which is studded with ribosomes and is the main site of protein synthesis.
Cytoskeleton
Motor molecules also carry vesicles or organelles to various destinations along “monorails’ provided by the cytoskeleton.
Interactions of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton circulates materials within a cell via streaming.
Recently, evidence is accumulating that the cytoskeleton may transmit mechanical signals that re-arrange the nucleoli and other structures.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are considered the powerhouses of the cell. They contain their own DNA and machinery for transcription and translation. Evidence suggests that mitochondria originated from bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells in an endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria have similarities to bacteria in terms of size, membrane structure, ribosomes, and DNA shape. They produce energy for the cell through oxidative phosphorylation and are involved in processes like apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to disease by failing to produce sufficient energy for cellular functions.
Plastids
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and algae that conduct photosynthesis. They have a complex structure with double and triple membrane systems that divide the chloroplast into compartments. Chloroplasts contain pigments like chlorophyll that capture light energy during photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like sugars. This process occurs through light-dependent and light-independent reactions. In addition to their primary role in photosynthesis, chloroplasts also synthesize other biomolecules like proteins, lipids, and fatty acids.
Presentation on Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found in most eukaryotic cells that are known as the "powerhouse of the cell". They have an outer and inner membrane that create compartments and folds (cristae) within the organelle. The matrix space inside contains enzymes and DNA. Mitochondria produce energy for the cell in the form of ATP through cellular respiration using nutrients from the cytoplasm. They also play a role in cellular inheritance as they contain some DNA.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The document describes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is a network of membranous tubules and sacs found in eukaryotic cells. There are two types: smooth ER, which forms lipids and steroids, and rough ER, which has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein synthesis. The ER has a double membrane structure with cisternae, tubules, and vesicles. It performs important cellular functions like protein transport, detoxification, and ATP synthesis.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are essential for aerobic respiration. They have two membranes that create three distinct compartments - the outer membrane, inner membrane, and matrix. The inner membrane folds inward creating cristae where the electron transport chain is located. Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA and 37 genes. Their primary function is to produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation where nutrients are broken down and ATP is generated to power the cell.
Nucleus Structure
The document discusses the key components and structure of the nucleus. It notes that the nucleus was discovered in 1831 and is the controlling center of the cell, usually located in the center. The nucleus contains the cell's hereditary information and controls growth and reproduction. It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope membrane and houses chromosomes, which contain DNA. The nucleus also contains a nucleolus that produces ribosomal RNA, chromosomes that carry DNA, and nucleoplasm similar to cytoplasm.
Nucleus
The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that houses the cell's genetic material. It was first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century and further described by Robert Brown in the 19th century. The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope and contains chromatin fibers, nucleoplasm, and one or more nucleoli. It controls cell functions and stores the cell's genetic information in the form of DNA.
Mitochondria converted-converted-converted
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation to power the cell's activities. Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA and ribosomes. They likely originated through the endosymbiosis of ancient bacteria by early eukaryotic cells. The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded into cristae to increase surface area for ATP production. Mitochondria vary in size, shape, and number depending on the cell type but perform essential functions like aerobic respiration.
THE CYTOSKELETON
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm. It provides structure and organization to the cell, determining shape and positioning organelles. The three main types of filaments are actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Actin filaments are the thinnest filaments and form structures like filopodia, lamellipodia, and stress fibers. Microtubules are hollow cylinders composed of tubulin dimers and originate from the centrosome. They are involved in processes like cell division, organelle transport, and motility. Cilia and flagella project from the cell surface and use microtubule motors for movement.
Centrioles
The document summarizes centrosomes and centrioles. It discusses that centrosomes are located near the nucleus and are responsible for cell division, cytokinesis, and cytoskeleton formation. Within centrosomes are centrioles, which are made up of nine groups of microtubules arranged in a ring. Centrioles play important roles in cell division through organizing the mitotic spindle, cellular organization by organizing microtubules, and formation of cilia and flagella. Centriole duplication is coupled with the cell cycle and centrosome duplication occurs in early S phase through assembly of a new procentriole next to each parental centriole.
Cytoskeleton structure. Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.
The structure of the cytoskeleton is explained. including microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
Centrioles (introduction, function, duplication )
Centrioles are cytoplasmic organelles found in eukaryotic cells that lack a limiting membrane or DNA. They are composed mainly of tubulin protein and arranged in a 9+3 pattern of microtubules. Centrioles help organize microtubules and form basal bodies for cilia/flagella. During cell division, the centrioles move to opposite poles and form the mitotic spindle, helping pull sister chromatids apart into daughter cells. Centrioles duplicate during S phase and are involved in both mitosis and meiosis.
Cell motility cilia and flagella
Cilia and flagella are hair-like organelles that project from the surface of eukaryotic cells. They are composed of microtubules arranged in a 9+2 pattern and powered by dynein motor proteins. Cilia are usually shorter and more numerous, while flagella are longer and occur singly or in pairs. Cilia create currents for functions like moving mucus and debris in the lungs. Flagella propel sperm and protists through fluid. Both undergo intracellular transport to assemble and are shed and regrown from basal bodies that anchor them.
Endoplasmic reticulum
This document provides an overview of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It begins by describing the initial observations of the ER in 1945 and defines it as a network of tubules, vesicles and flattened sacs within cells. There are two main types - the rough ER (RER) which is studded with ribosomes, and the smooth ER (SER) which lacks ribosomes. The RER synthesizes proteins and is involved in glycoprotein formation, while the SER functions in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification, and production of other cell organelles. Transport between the ER and Golgi apparatus occurs via transport vesicles. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a form of SER found in muscle cells and stores and
Endoplasmic reticulum
The document summarizes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It discusses that the ER was first observed in 1945 as a lace-like network in chick embryo cells. The ER is a network of tubules, vesicles and flattened sacs called cisternae found in the cytoplasm. There are two main types - the rough ER (RER) which is studded with ribosomes, and the smooth ER (SER) which lacks ribosomes. The RER synthesizes proteins and transports them to the Golgi apparatus in transport vesicles. The SER functions in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification in the liver. It also regulates calcium ion levels in muscle cells.
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Cytoskeleton structure. Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.
Cytoskeleton structure. Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.
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The mitochondria
The mitochondria were first discovered in the 1900s by Richard Altmann and are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane and can be rod-shaped, ranging from 0.5-10 micrometers in size.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found in most cells that produce energy through aerobic respiration. They convert nutrients into ATP, which fuels cellular activities, earning mitochondria their nickname as the "powerhouse of the cell." A mitochondrion contains inner and outer membranes that create distinct regions, including the matrix where ATP production occurs through redox reactions and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria play a dominant role in cellular energy conversion by producing ATP using enzymes in the inner membrane.
Lysosome1
Lysosomes are organelles found in cells that function as the "garbage disposals" by digesting and recycling materials the cell no longer needs or wants to get rid of using around 40 digestive enzymes. They take on various shapes and sizes depending on what materials they are digesting. Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs that perform two main functions - digesting ingested materials through releasing enzymes into vacuoles, and autophagy and cell death by breaking down the cell's own unwanted components like organelles.
11.11(dr. husun bano) mitochondria lysosomes &peroxisomes
Mitochondria and lysosomes are intracellular organelles that play important roles in cellular functions. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane, with cristae folds in the inner membrane containing oxidative enzymes involved in respiration and ATP synthesis. The respiratory chain includes enzymes like succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase that are involved in energy production. Mitochondria are also involved in apoptosis. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and function to digest foreign bodies, with lysosomal enzymes produced in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes aid in cellular waste removal and have bactericidal functions. Peroxisomes also contain oxidative enzymes and functions include detoxification and breaking down excess fatty acids.
lysosomes
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes and are capable of breaking down most biological molecules. They are spherical, bounded by a single membrane, and range in size from 0.2 to 0.8 microns. Lysosomes contain many enzymes that are produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and help the cell digest waste, remove old or damaged cell components through autolysis, and destroy any invading bacteria or viruses.
Lysosome
Lysosomes are spherical organelles found in animal cells that contain acid hydrolases enzymes. They break down molecules and cellular debris through intracellular digestion. Lysosomes were discovered in 1955 and play roles in processes like extracellular digestion, hormone secretion, fertilization, autolysis, and causing chromosomal breaks by releasing deoxyribonuclease. They contain enzymes like nucleases, phosphatases, lipases, proteases, and glycosidases.
Sps.final
This document discusses lysosomes, which are spherical organelles found in animal cells that contain digestive enzymes. Lysosomes break down food particles, bacteria, and worn out organelles. They were discovered in 1960 and maintain an acidic pH of 4.5-5.0. Lysosomes contain around 40 types of hydrolytic enzymes and vary in size from 0.2-0.8 nm. Their membrane allows enzymes to be released into vacuoles to digest their contents. Plant and fungal vacuoles are similar to lysosomes. Lysosomes function to digest materials through membrane fusion and release of enzymes, acting as the cell's waste disposal and recycling system.
Lysosomes
This document discusses lysosomes and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). It provides background on the discovery of lysosomes and their structure and functions. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and digest macromolecules, cellular debris, and foreign material. CMA selectively degrades cytosolic proteins through binding to a chaperone and lysosomal membrane protein LAMP-2A. Disruption of CMA is implicated in diseases like Parkinson's and cancer. CMA activity declines with age.
Microbodies
Microbodies, also called peroxisomes, are organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They are bound by a single membrane and contain proteins that are critical for various functions. Peroxisomes participate in the metabolism of fatty acids and other metabolites, and harbor enzymes that break down toxic peroxides. They also play a role in the production of bile acids and proteins. Certain diseases, such as adrenoleukodystrophy and Zellweger syndrome, can result from malfunctions of peroxisomes.
Lysosome
Lysosomes play an important role in the cell by consuming worn-out structures, attacking bacteria, and containing enzymes to digest materials. A lack of lysosomes can lead to lysosomal storage diseases where waste builds up and disrupts cell function. Lysosomes contain hydrolases and transport proteins and would ally with vacuoles to help digest food particles. They view the cytoskeleton as dispensable since it mainly provides structure and transport within the cell.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found in animal cells that produce ATP through respiration. They have a double membrane structure with an inner and outer membrane. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes, and are only inherited from mothers. As the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria produce most of the cell's energy through aerobic respiration using oxygen to convert food molecules into ATP.
Lysosome powerpoint
Lysosomes are spherical organelles found only in animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They function as the waste disposal system for the cell by digesting unwanted materials through intracellular digestion. Lysosomes are bound by a single lipid membrane that protects the cell from the digestive enzymes within. They receive their enzymes from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are produced by the Golgi apparatus. A lack of proper lysosome function can lead to a buildup of waste and cell death.
Mitochondria 2
Mitochondria have five distinct parts: the outer mitochondrial membrane, the intermembrane space, the inner mitochondrial membrane, the cristae space, and the matrix. The inner mitochondrial membrane is compartmentalized into cristae to enhance its ability to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The matrix contains enzymes, ribosomes, tRNA, and mitochondrial DNA that allow ATP production with the help of ATP synthase in the inner membrane.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found in animal cells that produce ATP through respiration. They have a double membrane structure and two inner compartments. The inner membrane contains proteins for the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. Mitochondria use oxygen and food molecules to produce ATP through aerobic respiration. They are abundant in high-energy cells like muscle. Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes and are only inherited from mothers.
Cell mitochondria ppt
This document discusses mitochondria, double membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are often described as the "powerhouses" of cells. It provides details on the structure of mitochondria including their outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, cristae, and matrix. The key functions of mitochondria are also summarized as generating ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, containing their own DNA, and performing various metabolic reactions and other roles in processes like thermogenesis and apoptosis.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes called hydrolases. They are produced in the Golgi apparatus and contain hydrolytic enzymes that help break down macromolecules through processes like phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy. Lysosomes function to digest cellular waste and debris and are sometimes referred to as the cell's "garbage disposal" or "recycling unit." Diseases can occur if lysosomal enzymes do not function properly or reach the lysosome, preventing the breakdown of cellular components and leading to their accumulation.
mitochondria and ATP production
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell that generate ATP through cellular respiration. They likely originated as bacteria that were endocytosed by ancient cells and developed a symbiotic relationship. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane, and use enzymes and electron transport chains along the inner membrane to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. This involves the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain which generate NADH and FADH2, powering ATP synthase to produce approximately 36 ATP per glucose molecule. Defects in mitochondrial DNA or proteins can cause various diseases affecting neurological and myopathy functions.
Lysosome
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal and plant cells that contain digestive enzymes. They were discovered in 1955 and play key roles in breaking down materials through autophagy, heterophagy, cell death pathways, and more. Lysosomes produce hydrolase enzymes and maintain an acidic interior environment needed for enzymatic reactions. They receive enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and digest extracellular and intracellular cargo through membrane fusion events.
Plastids presentation biology
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a major organelle found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. They often contain pigments used in photosynthesis, and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell's colour. They possess a double-stranded DNA molecule, which is circular, like that of prokaryotes.
Chloroplast transformation
Chloroplasts contain their own DNA and are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplast transformation involves delivering a vector with the gene of interest and a selectable marker flanked by chloroplast DNA sequences for homologous recombination. The vector is delivered using biolistics or PEG-mediated transformation. Transformed cells are selected using antibiotic resistance and regenerated into plants. Chloroplast transformation allows high-level expression of transgenes due to high copy number and avoids gene silencing.
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11.11(dr. husun bano) mitochondria lysosomes &peroxisomes
11.11(dr. husun bano) mitochondria lysosomes &peroxisomes
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found within eukaryotic cells that are responsible for producing ATP, the main source of energy for cells. They were first observed in 1886 and named "mitochondria" in 1898. Mitochondria contain DNA and ribosomes and are bounded by an outer and inner membrane. The inner membrane forms infoldings called cristae that increase the surface area for ATP production. Mitochondria break down nutrients through cellular respiration and oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. They play a vital role in supplying energy to drive cellular processes and are thus referred to as the "powerhouses" of cells.
Mitochondria
The document discusses mitochondria, which are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that generate most of the cell's chemical energy. Key points include:
- Mitochondria were first discovered in 1857 and are thought to have evolved from symbiotic bacteria. They contain their own DNA and are maternally inherited.
- Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane and produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation located in the cristae of the inner membrane.
- In addition to energy production, mitochondria play roles in cell signaling, calcium regulation, apoptosis, and thermogenesis. Mitochondrial diseases can affect health when mitochondrial function is impaired.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells that generate energy through oxidative phosphorylation. They contain their own DNA and ribosomes. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane, and contain an intermembrane space and matrix. The inner membrane is highly folded into cristae to increase surface area. Mitochondria play a key role in cellular respiration by producing ATP from nutrients, and are often described as the "powerhouses" of the cell.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells that generate energy through oxidative phosphorylation. They contain their own DNA and ribosomes. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane, and contain an intermembrane space and matrix. The main function of mitochondria is to produce ATP through the electron transport chain located in the inner membrane. Mitochondria are often described as the "powerhouses" of the cell.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells that generate energy through oxidative phosphorylation. They have an outer and inner membrane and contain their own DNA. Mitochondria supply cells with ATP through electron transport chains located in the inner membrane. They are often described as the "powerhouses" of cells. Mitochondria play several other important roles as well, including calcium ion regulation, hormone production, and programmed cell death. Defects in mitochondrial DNA and function can lead to various diseases.
Unveiling the Powerhouses of the Cell.pptx
It is a very detailed presentation on MITOCHONDRIA...... WAPDA of the cell.
I hope you'll have all the aspects of the topic consolidated in one ppt.
Introduction to mitochondria
In the meantime, you will notice that students of various fields often seek for best assignment help to complete projects based on mitochondrial studies as a whole.
easylearningwithned.blogspot.com-What are Mitochondria Structure and Function...
Mitochondria are structures within cells that generate energy. They have an outer and inner membrane that create cristae and compartments within the mitochondrion. Mitochondria contain DNA and enzymes that allow them to synthesize proteins, lipids, and generate ATP through electron transport chains located on the inner membrane. Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and provide energy and building blocks to allow cellular functions and growth.
Phy 301 a | Project Report
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles found in animal and plant cells that produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation. They contain their own DNA and are inherited maternally. A 1987 study traced human mitochondrial DNA back to a single female ancestor, termed mitochondrial Eve, who likely lived around 200,000 years ago in Africa. Mitochondria have a variety of functions including energy production, calcium regulation, hormone and blood cell component synthesis, and apoptosis. They originated through endosymbiosis when a bacterium was engulfed by a host cell and evolved to perform essential metabolic functions.
Mitochondria : Powerhouse of the Cell
Exploring the Powerhouse of the Cell: Mitochondria Unveiled
This PowerPoint presentation is tailored for Bachelor of Science students, offering a comprehensive exploration of mitochondria, the cellular powerhouses. Covering fundamental concepts such as structure, function, and cellular respiration, the presentation delves into the pivotal role mitochondria play in energy production. Additionally, it discusses the evolutionary origins, dynamic nature, and the intricate interplay between mitochondria and other cellular components. With engaging visuals and concise explanations, this presentation aims to provide a solid foundation for students to comprehend the significance of mitochondria in cellular biology.
Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA
Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA are circular and much smaller than nuclear DNA. They contain genes that code for proteins involved in cellular processes like energy production. Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited, while chloroplast DNA can be biparentally or maternally inherited depending on the species. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA can cause diseases by disrupting cellular functions carried out by mitochondria.
Lesson mitochondria bombarely_a20180927
The document discusses mitochondria, including their structure and functions. It describes how mitochondria are divided into five parts - the outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane with cristae folds, cristae space, and matrix. The inner membrane contains proteins for processes like the electron transport chain. The matrix contains enzymes, cofactors, DNA, and ribosomes. Mitochondria's primary function is energy conversion through oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP from glucose and NADH. Secondary functions include calcium regulation, signaling, apoptosis, and metabolism control. The citric acid cycle and electron transport chain are explained as key stages in cellular respiration that occur in the mitochondria to produce ATP.
Miitochondria_Juken
Mitochondria are organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that are known as the "powerhouses of the cell". They produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation to fuel cellular processes. Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes and are thought to have originated from ancient bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells in a endosymbiotic relationship. The inner mitochondrial membrane is folded into cristae to increase surface area for ATP production. Mitochondria are semi-autonomous and can replicate themselves to meet cellular energy demands.
Lab 8
Mitochondria are organelles called the "powerhouses" of cells that produce energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They contain their own DNA and reproduce independently of the cell. Mitochondria have two membranes that divide the organelle into an intermembrane space and matrix. The inner membrane is highly folded with cristae to increase surface area for ATP production. Mitochondria vary in size, shape, and number of cristae depending on the cell's energy demands. Mitochondria also play a role in apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c which activates caspases and leads to cell degradation and death.
Phy 301 a Presentation
Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that produce energy through cellular respiration. There are two main theories about their origin - either through the engulfment of an aerobic prokaryote by an anaerobic host cell or by an archaebacterial host cell. Mitochondria have their own DNA and unique structures like the inner and outer membranes that allow them to carry out functions like ATP production. They also play roles in processes like apoptosis and calcium ion storage. Mitochondrial DNA is only inherited maternally and can be used to trace human maternal ancestry back to Mitochondrial Eve around 200,000 years ago in Africa.
Mitochondria ppt
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that produce energy through aerobic respiration. They originated from endosymbiotic bacteria and contain their own DNA. Mitochondria have an outer and inner membrane, intermembrane space, cristae folds in the inner membrane that increase surface area, and a matrix space containing enzymes. They produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation to power cellular activities, making them the powerhouses of the cell. Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited and encodes proteins essential for mitochondrial function.
Ultrastructure and functions of Mitochondira.pptx
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells that are known as the "powerhouses" of the cell. They have an outer and inner membrane and generate most of the cell's supply of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes and likely developed from aerobic bacteria that formed an endosymbiotic relationship with ancient eukaryotic cells. They play key roles in cellular metabolism, signaling, and programmed cell death, and mitochondrial disorders can affect human health.
Theories regarding origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
The document summarizes the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. It states that mitochondria likely evolved from aerobic prokaryotes that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells, eventually becoming specialized organelles. Similarly, chloroplasts may have evolved from photosynthetic prokaryotes that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells already containing mitochondria. This endosymbiotic theory was first proposed by Lynn Margulis and has received significant evidentiary support.
Mitochondria structure
Mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles found in eukaryotic cells referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell. They contain their own DNA separate from the cell's nucleus and likely evolved from bacteria in an endosymbiotic relationship. Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometers in diameter and have an outer and inner membrane. Their primary function is producing energy through ATP synthesis in the inner membrane, but they are also involved in cellular signaling, differentiation, growth, and apoptosis.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria, peroxisomes, and glyoxisomes are organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of cells, producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation using oxygen. Mitochondria contain their own DNA and have a double membrane structure with inner membranes that fold into cristae to increase surface area. Mitochondria vary in shape, size, and number depending on the cell type and functional state.
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easylearningwithned.blogspot.com-What are Mitochondria Structure and Function...
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Theories regarding origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Theories regarding origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
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Chapter 2
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mitochondria ..........
- 1. Prepared by Sachin sahu College of fisheries , kawardha(cg) Chhattisgarha kamdhenu viswavidyalaya,durg
- 2. INTRODUCTION The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek word mitos , i.e. "thread",and chondrion, i.e. "granule". The mitochondrion is a membrane bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells (the cells that make up plants, animals, fungi, and many other forms of life). These structures are sometimes described as "cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy.
- 4. HISTORY OF MITOCHONDRIA The first observations of intracellular structures that probably represent mitochondria were published in the 1840s. In 1894, established them as cell organelles and called them "bioblasts“ BY- “Richard Altmann” The term "mitochondria" itself was coined by Carl Benda in 1898.
- 5. STRUCTURE OF MITOCHODRIA Mitochondria range from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometer (μm) in diameter. The number of mitochondria in a cell varies widely by organism and tissue type. Many cells have only a single mitochondrion, whereas others can contain several thousand mitochondria..
- 6. Structure (cont….) Mitochondria have two membranes. The outer membrane covers the organelle & contains it. The inner membrane folds over many times called cristae.. Many of the chemical reaction happen on the inner membrane of the mitochondria . The fluid inside of the mitochondria is called the MATRIX.
- 7. Function of mitochondria The matrix is filled with water and proteins (enzymes) Those protein take food molecules and combine them with oxygen. The mitochondria are the only place in the cell where oxygen can be combined with the food molecules.
- 8. Function (cont)…… After the oxygen is added , the material can be digested. They are working organelles that keep the cell full of energy. A mitochondria may also be involved in controlling the concentration of calcium within the cell.
- 9. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Mitochondrial disorders often present themselves as neurological disorders, but can manifest as myopathy , diabetes . Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondria disorders and cardiac dysfunction..