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1. Nervous System of the Frog By:Group 6 36 Marjorie Polintan 37 Miguel Quiambao 38 Inna Karla Ramos 39 James Redulla 40 Patricia Anne Reyes 41 Zyril Mae Reyes 42 Claudine Roxas

2. Nervous System Serves as reception of stimuli Conduction of impulses Coordination and integration of the various functions of the organs

3. Three Divisions of the Frog’s Nervous System (according to morphology): 1. Central Nervous System also known as the Cerebro-spinal Nervous System includes the brain and the spinal cord serves as the great center of communication between the principal sense organs and the rest of the body divided into five major parts, namely: Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon

4. 2. Peripheral Nervous System includes the ten pairs of cranial nerves (from the brain) and ten pairs of spinal nerves (from the spinal cord) connects the central nervous organs to the receptors and effectors of the body 3. SymphatheticNervous System consists of two slender nerve trunks or cord, each with a chain of ganglia on either side of the spinal column helps deliver information to the body about impending danger responsible for the fight-or-flight response

5. I. Central Nervous System (CNS)

6. Five Major Divisions of the Frog BrainA

8. Other parts of the CNS: Choroid Plexuses- secretes the cerebro-spinal fluid Foramen of Monro- a narrow passage that joins the lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricles Aqueduct of Sylvius- joins the 3rd ventricle with the 4th ventricle Cerebro-spinal Fluid- serves as a protective liquid cushion and helps nourish the central nervous organs Spinal Cord- short and somewhat flattened; posterior prolongation of the brain; surrounded by meninges; extends from the medulla oblongata to the filumterminale

9. FilumTerminale- posterior tapering portion located in the urostyle; presents two enlargements, namely: Brachial Enlargement- associated with the nerve supply to the forelimbs Lumbar Enlargement or Sciatic Enlargement- associated with the nerve supply to the hindlimbs Meninges- two connective tissue membranes which surrounds the spinal chord (Outer) Dura Mater- adhering to the bone (Inner Vascular) Pia Mater- adhering to the nervous tissue Vascular Arachnoid- located beneath the dura mater; forms the middle layer of the meninges (for higher vertebrates)

12. II. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 2 Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System A.CranialNerves – consists of 10 pairs of nerves (left,right) -extending from the lateral surfaces of the brain to the parts of the body B.SpinalNerves- consists of 10pairs of nerves (left,right) Arise from the spinal cord Distributes to the limbs and trunk. emerge between vertebrae each spinal nerve is attached to the spinal cord by 2 roots (dorsal sensory root and ventral motor root)

13. A. The 10 Paired Cranial Nerves Olfactory Function/Type: Sensory nerves for smell Location: walls of nasal chambers Optic Function/Type: Sensory nerves for vision Location: retina of the eyes Oculo-Motor Function/Type: Motor nerves Location: 4 muscles of the eye namely (superior rectus,inferiorrectus,medialrectus,inferior oblique muscles) Trochlear Function/Type: Motor nerves Location: superior oblique muscle of the eye

14. 5. Trigeminal Function/Type: sensory and motor nerves Location: muscles of the jaws, skin of the face, mouth and the tongue 6. Abducens Function/Type: motor nerves Location: lateral or external rectus muscle of the eye 7. Facial Function/Type: motor and sensory (mostly motor) Location: muscles of the face and throat

15. 8. Auditory Function/Type: Sensory nerves for hearing and equilibrium Location: inner ear 9. Glossopharyngeal Function/Type: Sensory and motor nerves Location: floor of the mouth,tongue and pharynx 10. Vagus or Pneumogastric Function/Type: Sensory and Motor nerves Location: larynx,lungs,heart,esophagus,stomach and small intestine. *There are 2 additional cranial nerves in man namely the accessory spinal and hypoglossal nerves

22. Some Mnemonics to help remember the names and order of the cranial nerves.. On Old Olympus' Towering Top AFinn And German Viewed Oliver the optimistic octopus trots triumphantly about facing audiences glossily vaguely OOOTruly There Are Five Absolutely Gorgeous Vixen Some mnemonics to remember the types of cranial nerves.. Some Say Money Matters, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More. Sally Sells Mega Monkeys, But My Brother Sells Bigger Better Mega Monkeys. Some Stars Make Money, But My Brother Says Bugs Bunny Makes More.

23. B. The 10 Paired Spinal Nerves 1st spinal nerve 2nd spinal nerve 3rd spinal nerve 4th spinal nerve 5th spinal nerve 6th spinal nerve -Unite to form the Brachial Plexus to the shoulder and forelimb region -Supply the skin and muscles of the abdominal wall

24. -forms the Sciatic / lumbo-sacral plexus to the hindlimb *the 9th spinal nerve is the largest and is known as the sciatic nerve -Distributed to the urinary bladder, cloacaand oviducts 7th spinal nerve 8th spinal nerve 9th spinal nerve* 10th spinal nerve

26. III Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) In man, Sympathetic and parasympathetic comprise Autonomic Division. It is branch of the autonomic nervous system It is always active at a basal level ( sympathetic tone) becomes more active during times of stress (fight-or-flight response) operates through a series of interconnected neurons. frequently considered part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), although many lie within the central nervous system(CNS).

27. HISTOLOGY OF THE SPINAL CORD(mammalian) The spinal cords the reflex activities of the animals but which may be checked or modified by impulses from the brain. In the cross sections, the spinal cord shows 2 distinct areas: 1. Gray matter – made up of nerve cell bodies, portion of the dendrites and axons, and the unmyelinated fibers. 2.White matter- composed of myelinated fibers

28. Neurogliacells and their processes bind together and support the nervous elements in both areas. CanalisCentralis– located near the center of the gray matter -lined with a single layer of the Epithelialependymalcells At the sides of the gray matter, dorsal and ventral hornsor cornua are produced. Gray Commisuresconnects the gray matter on the two sides. Oblique crossings of the medullated fibers form the white commisures. Ventral fissure separates the right and the left columns of the white matter.

29. Dorsal Septum, composed of Pial tissues, extends from the base of this sulcus almost to the gray matter The deep indentation at the bottom of the cord is the Ventral Fissure

33. Histology of the eye eye - organ of vision Divided in to 2 segments: aqueous humor -anterior segment -contains watery fluid vitreous humor -posterior segment (adapted to the reception/transmission of images) -more viscuous/jelly like fluid

34. Outer coat-opaque,no light can enter -separated from the anterior segment by the crystalline lens and suspensory ligament. The three coats of the eye.. 1.Sclera 2.Choroid 3.retina

35. Sclera –protective ,outer,thick fibrous coat -tendons of eye are attached to it -continuous with the transparent cornea that permits light rays to enter 2. Choroid-vascular layer between the sclera and retina -concerned with nutrition of ocular tissues -presence of numerous blood vessels -anterior portion:ciliary body and iris (mechanism for the accomodation of the refraction of the eye,projects over the anterior portion of the lens)

38. END. :3