human cell anatomy - "cell is a basic structural unit of life" -as all living organism are made up of cells knowing the unique functions of the cell, shape, anatomy , function of organelle, and types of human cell involved are the most important factors and to also understand about -how human cells can play a vital role in our daily life.

1. BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE…

2. vWHAT IS CELL??
vFUNCTIONS OF THE CELL.
vSHAPE OF THE CELL
vANATOMY OF THE CELL.
vORGANELLE IN BRIEF.
v NON-LIVING SUBSTANCES OR CELL INCLUSION.
vTYPES OF HUMAN CELLS.

3. BIOLOGICAL
STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONAL
ØCell is a basic structural , functional and
biological unit of all the living organism.
ØRange in size : 50-150 μm in diameter.
ØHuman body is composed of 75 – 100
trillions of cells ( age dependent).

4. ØRobert hook who first coined the term cell in 1665.

5. NUTRITION:
ØCell membrane are capable of absorbing fluids and dissolved substances directly
into the cell as nutrients , in turn helps in cell growth and repair, to provide energy.
IRRITABILITY OR EXCITATOR:
ØCells has the ability to detect and respond to change in the environment.

6. RESPIRATION:
ØThe cell uptake the food substances combined with oxygen molecule to
form carbon dioxide and water, while releasing energy for intracellular
activity, also cell respire and discharge the waste molecules from the cell.

7. MOVEMENT:
ØCell often move or migrate in response to specific external signals
(chemical and mechanical).
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION:
Ø“Cell exist from pre-existing cell”
ØCells have build up an ability to increase in size ,when it reaches the limit
of its growth, it reproduces by the process called cell division.

8. ØThe shape of the cells depend on the type of work or the function done by these
cells. Usually cells are rounded, elongated , spherical , cuboidal , tubular, discoidal
or irregular.

9. Example:
ØSpindle shape of the muscle cells helps them in contraction and relaxation.
ØNerve cells are elongated and branched to carry messages between different body
parts.
ØRBCs , are designed in such a way that they have to carry oxygen in the bound form
with hemoglobin. As nucleus occupies adequate space in the cell. So , RBCs do not
have nucleus in order to accommodate more hemoglobin to carry oxygen Etc.

10. Ø CELL MEMBRANE
Ø NUCLEUS
Ø CYTOPLASM
Ø RIBOSOMES
Ø ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Ø MITOCHONDRIA
Ø GOLGI APPARATUS
Ø CYTOSKELETON
Ø LYSOSOME AND PEROXISOMES
Ø CENTROSOME

11. ØOrganelle are small cellular structural unit that performs
specific function or role within the cell found to be virtually
present only inside eukaryotic cell (membrane bound).

13. ØOutermost layer of the cell is very thin, flexible ,
living membrane.
ØPossesses fine pores consists of Semi-permeable
made up of lipoproteins.
ØSeparates contents of cell from its surroundings.
ØRegulates the entry of certain solutes and ions.
ØMaintains shape of the cell .

14. Ø It’s a largest cell organelle serve as the cell command center - commands cell to
grow, mature , divide , or die .
ØMostly spherical and dense ,surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelop.
ØNuclear membrane with pores allow substance to enter and leave.
ØContains network of thread – like structures called chromatin fibers which contains
DNA (cell hereditary material).

15. Ø Regulates cell functions.
ØThe entire cell is alive due to the presence
of nucleus.
ØContains chromosomes (bearers of genes
that control hereditary characters).

16. ØOne or more round shaped nucleoli
inside the nucleus.
ØProduces ribosomes.
ØParticipate in protein synthesis by
forming and shorting RNA.
ØDictates ribosome to synthesis
proteins.

17. ØThe network in resting stage of the nucleus
condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
ØMade up of DNA threads.
ØChromosomes carry hereditary information or
the gene.

18. ØAll the parts together inside the plasma membrane
excluding nucleus contains a mixture of water and
soluble inorganic and organic compounds, and various
organelles.

19. ØThe cytoplasm is made up of a jelly – like fluid
(cytosol).
ØDifferent organelles contained in it perform
different functions.
ØAll metabolic activities occur in it.

20. ØSmall granules either freely float in the
cytoplasm or attached to the outer surface of
endoplasmic reticulum.
ØSingle walled dense , spherical bodies
composed mainly of RNA.
ØThey perform chief function by synthesizing
protein.

21. ØIrregular network of tubular double membrane.
ØIt continuous with the plasma membrane on the
outside and the nuclear membrane on the side.
ØMay be smooth or rough (attached ribosome) .
ØSupportive framework for the cell.
ØSynthesis and transport protein and fat.

22. ØMitochondria are spherical , rod – shaped or
thread like bodies. They are tiny double walled
bags with their inner walls produced into finger –
like projection inwards called cristae.

23. ØMitochondria are the sites where cell respiration occurs to release energy.
ØEnergy is stored in the form of an energy – rich compound ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) and is used in various metabolic functions of the cell.

24. ØStacks of flattened membrane sacs.
ØConsists of tubules , vesicles, and vacuoles.
ØSynthesis and secretion of enzymes , hormones
etc.
ØInvolve in the formation of acrosome of sperm.

25. ØNetwork of long fibers that make cells
structural framework.
ØCytoskeleton has several critical functions,
including determining cell shape , participating
in cell division and allowing cells to move.
ØIt also provides a track – like system that
directs the movement of organelles and other
substances within cells.

26. ØMembranous sacs budded off from Golgi bodies.
ØContains 40 different types of enzyme.
ØDestroy foreign substances.
ØWhen cell is old or injured , these rapidly destroy
organelles (hence they are known to be a “suicide bags”).
ØFormation of bones by digesting cartilage.

27. ØStructurally similar to that of lysosome.
ØIt releases the peroxidase enzyme which helps in
preventing the activity of oxygen derivatives like
hydrogen peroxide.
ØThe hydrogen peroxide is toxic to cell.

28. ØA region surrounding the centrioles located near
nucleus.
ØContains one or two centrioles.
ØCentrioles are surrounded by radiating microtubules
to form a “star”(aster) during cell division.
ØInitiates and regulates cell division .
ØForms spindle fibers , with the help of asters.

29. ØVacuoles
ØGranules

30. ØClear spaces with water or other
substances in solution.
ØCovered by a covering called tonoplast..
ØStorage of water and other substances,
food pigments, and waste products.
ØGive turgidity of the cells.

31. ØSmall particles , crystals or droplets.
ØGlycogen and fat – containing granules
serve as food for the cell.

32. Ø It’s a fact that approximately 200 different cells are present in our body
with varied size and shape ,within these cells there are about 20 different
types of structures or organelles.

33. STEM
CELLS
BLOOD
CELLS
NERVE
CELLS
MUSCLE
CELLS
CARTILAGE
BONE
CELLS
SKIN
CELLS
FAT
CELLS
EPITHELIAL
CELLS
ENDOTHELIAL
CELLS

34. STEM CELLS
TOTIPOTENT
STEM CELLS
PLURIPOTENT
STEM CELLS
MULTIPOTENT
STEM CELLS
OLIGOPOTENT
STEM CELLS
UNIPOTENT
STEM CELLS
1

35. BLOOD CELLS
RED BLOOD
CELLS
(Erythrocytes)
WHITE CELLS
(Leukocytes)
EOSINOPHIL
PLATELETS
(Thromocytes)
NEUTROPHIL BASOPHIL
LYMPHOCYTESMONOCYTE
GRANULOCYTES
AGRANULOCYTES
2

36. NERVE CELLS
SENSORY
NEURONE
RELAY
NEURONE
MOTOR
NEUTRONE
3

37. MUSCLE CELLS
CARDIAC
CELLS
SKELETAL
CELLS
SMOOTH
CELLS
4

38. CARTILAGE
composed of specialized
cells called
CHONDROCYTES
5

39. BONE CELLS
OSTEOGENIC
CELLS
OSTEOBLAST OSTEOCLASTOSTEOCYTE
6

40. SKIN CELLS
KERATINOCYTES MELANOCYTES
LANGERHANS
CELLS
MERKEL
CELLS
7

41. FATS CELLS
BROWN
ADIPOCYTE
WHITE
ADIPOCYTE
BEIGE
ADIPOCYTE
8

42. EPITHELIAL CELLS
SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
CUBOIDAL
EPITHELIUM
9

43. ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
UMBILICAL VEIN
ENDOTHELIAL
CELLS
MICROVASCULAR
ENDOTHELIAL
CELLS
10

44. SEX CELLS
SPERM
OVA
OR
EGG CELLS
11