Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas composed of carbon and oxygen that constitutes about 0.041% of the atmosphere. It was first observed in the 17th century by Jan Baptist Van Helmont during a charcoal burning experiment. Carbon dioxide has a linear molecular shape with a bond angle of 180 degrees. It is diamagnetic with no dipole moment due to its molecular structure. Carbon dioxide is used in many applications including fire extinguishers, refrigeration, winemaking, and enhancing the hardness of metal castings. It can be prepared in the laboratory by reacting calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.

2. Carbon dioxide
Definition
Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas
It is composed of carbon and oxygen
It currently constitutes about 0.041% by volume of the atmosphere
Note :
Carbon Dioxide is also called ‘Green House Gas’
Formula
Its chemical formula is CO2

3. HISTORY OF CO2
Co2 was first observed by Jan Baptist Van Helmont in seventeenth
century .while experiment he noticed that during burning of charcoal in the
closed vessel, the mass of the resulting ash was much less than the original
charcoal.
His explanation was that the rest of the charcoal had been transmuted into
an invisible substance termed as “gas”.
After the discovery of carbon dioxide various properties were studied by
different scientist.
J. black observed that CO2 is denser than air.it supports neither flame nor
combustion.
H. Davy and M. Faraday first liquefied CO2 at elevated pressure.

5. Structure of CO2
The structure of CO2 is given

6. Geometery of CO2
Due to the arrangement of molecule the carbon dioxide has a 0 dipole moment.
And due to absence of un- paired electron in the valence so, it has a diamagnetic
in nature.

7. Property of carbon dioxide
Its property divided into physical and chemical properties
Physical property of carbon dioxide
it is diamagnetic.
Its 0 dipole movement
its molecular mass is 44.01 g/mol
Linear Molecular Shape
Its bond angle is 180º
Its melting points -55.6ºC
Its boiling points -78.5ºC
Its density is 1.98 kg/m3 at (0 Ċ and 1 atm)

8. CHEMICAL PROPERTY
Carbon dioxide is an acidic oxide and reacts with water to give carbonic acid, which is a weak acid.
CO2 + H2O ==> H2CO3
Carbon dioxide reacts with alkalis to give carbonates and bicarbonates.
2CO2 + 4NaOH ==> Na2CO3 + 2H2O
carbon dioxide react with water produced glucose
6CO2 + 6H2O ==> C6H12O6 + 6O
When metal reacts with CO2 it forms the corresponding metal oxide.
2MgO + CO2 ==> 2MgO + C
Plants make glucose during photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H2O ==> C6H12O6 + 602

9. USES OF CO2
Carbon dioxide is used in the variety of process to get various products. Some of its
uses are given below.
It is used in fire extinguisher.
Solid and liquid form of CO2 is used as refrigerant.
It is used in wine making and urea production in process industry.
It is used to neutralize alkaline water.
Carbogen, a mixture of 70% O2 and 30%CO2 is used for artificial respiration.
Carbon dioxide gas can be used as a means of controlling the ph of swimming pools
by continuously adding gas to water, thus keeping the ph from rising.
It is used in metal industry in the formation of casting molds to enhance their hardness.
Carbon dioxide is used in manufacturing of laser

11. PREPARATION OF CO2
Carbon dioxide can be prepared on different methods
Laboratory preparation
Carbon dioxide generally produced in laboratory by the action of dilute hydrochloric
acid upon (calcium carbonate , marble , limestone , chalk).
Calcium carbonate (in the form of marble chips) is added to the bottom of the conical
flask with dilute hydrochloric acid
HCl reacts with CaCO3 to produce calcium chloride, water and carbon dioxide gas
Gas is collected in a gas jar by downward delivery
The reaction is represented by the equation
CaCO3 + 2HCl ==> CaCl3 + CO2 + H2O

14. INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF CO2

16. PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON WORLD
WIDE

17. NAME OF PAKISTAN INDUSTRY
INDUS GAS Liaquatabad (Karachi)
KAHUTA GAS Kahuta Road,
Islamabad,
SHARIF GAS Shahdara, Lahore
SUI SOUTHEN GAS Gulshan-e-Iqbal karachi
PURE GAS Kot Lakhpat Inds. Estate,
Lahore
NATIONAL GAS limited Karachi

18. REFERENCES
Slideshare
Modern inorganic chemistry ( G.D.PAKERS)
KPK BOARD (FSC 2ND YEAR)
PUNJAB BOARD (FSC 2ND YEAR)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/ra/c3ra43965h/unauth#!divAbstract
https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC/rankings
https://hub.globalccsinstitute.com/publications/regional-assessment-potential-co2-storage-indian-
subcontinent/31-co2-sources-pakistan