This document discusses nitrogen gas, including its discovery, properties, production via cryogenic distillation, and uses. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere and is essential for life. It is produced commercially through cryogenic distillation of air, which involves compressing, cooling, and distilling air into its primary components in distillation columns. Nitrogen gas is nonflammable, odorless and colorless. It has various industrial and medical applications such as food preservation, welding, fertilizers, and medical anesthesia.
Manufacturing of ammonia using haber's processrita martin
Ammonia is a colourless pungent smelling gas used mostly in production of fertilizers. It is widely manufactured by Haber process from nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2)
Chlorine is the non-metallic chemical element, symbol Cl, Chlorine is a highly poisonous, greenish yellow gas, about two and a half times as dense as air, and with a strong, sharp, choking odor.
Manufacturing of ammonia using haber's processrita martin
Ammonia is a colourless pungent smelling gas used mostly in production of fertilizers. It is widely manufactured by Haber process from nitrogen (N2) and hydrogen (H2)
Chlorine is the non-metallic chemical element, symbol Cl, Chlorine is a highly poisonous, greenish yellow gas, about two and a half times as dense as air, and with a strong, sharp, choking odor.
Nitric acid Preparation & Uses
CHILE SALTPETRE METHOD (By NaNO3/KNO3)
BRIKLAND EYDE’S METHOD BY USING AIR
Raw material:
Basis: Nitric acid (95% yields), Sodium Nitrate, Sulfuric acid
Process
The decomposition of sodium nitrate (Chili saltpetre) still remains one of the most important processes for the manufacture of nitric acid. The complete reaction shown by the equation 2NaNO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2HNO3at a relatively low temperature (200° C.), The plant consists of
a retort,
condenser,
receiver, and
absorbing system for the oxides of nitrogen.
OSTWALD ’S METHOD BY AMMONIA SOLVEY PROCESS
Oxygen history, evolution, production, industrial uses steel production, rock...rita martin
Oxygen isolated by joseph priestley oxygen comprises 22 per cent of the atmospheric air Oxygen is produced using air separation plants used in various industrial applications steel production, rocket propellants, medicine
10 major industrial applications of sulfuric acidrita martin
sulfuric acid commonly known as king of chemicals and also as oil of vitriol find its applications across many industries like lubricants, drugs, rayon, metal processing, batteries, chemical manufacturing and more
Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
Solvay Process majorly used in sodium carbonate industrial production was discovered by belgian industrial chemist Ernest Solvay which uses three readily available materials salt brine, limestone, ammonia
Nitrogen (N2) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that makes up 78.09% (by volume) of the air we breathe. It is non-flammable and it will not support combustion. Nitrogen gas is slightly lighter than air and slightly soluble in water. It is commonly thought of and used as an inert gas, but it is not truly inert.
Nitrogen gas is also used to provide an unreactive atmosphere. It is used in this way to preserve foods, and in the electronics industry during the production of transistors and diodes. Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing stainless steel and other steel mill products.
Nitric acid Preparation & Uses
CHILE SALTPETRE METHOD (By NaNO3/KNO3)
BRIKLAND EYDE’S METHOD BY USING AIR
Raw material:
Basis: Nitric acid (95% yields), Sodium Nitrate, Sulfuric acid
Process
The decomposition of sodium nitrate (Chili saltpetre) still remains one of the most important processes for the manufacture of nitric acid. The complete reaction shown by the equation 2NaNO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2HNO3at a relatively low temperature (200° C.), The plant consists of
a retort,
condenser,
receiver, and
absorbing system for the oxides of nitrogen.
OSTWALD ’S METHOD BY AMMONIA SOLVEY PROCESS
Oxygen history, evolution, production, industrial uses steel production, rock...rita martin
Oxygen isolated by joseph priestley oxygen comprises 22 per cent of the atmospheric air Oxygen is produced using air separation plants used in various industrial applications steel production, rocket propellants, medicine
10 major industrial applications of sulfuric acidrita martin
sulfuric acid commonly known as king of chemicals and also as oil of vitriol find its applications across many industries like lubricants, drugs, rayon, metal processing, batteries, chemical manufacturing and more
Manufacturing of sodium carbonate using solvay processrita martin
Solvay Process majorly used in sodium carbonate industrial production was discovered by belgian industrial chemist Ernest Solvay which uses three readily available materials salt brine, limestone, ammonia
Nitrogen (N2) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that makes up 78.09% (by volume) of the air we breathe. It is non-flammable and it will not support combustion. Nitrogen gas is slightly lighter than air and slightly soluble in water. It is commonly thought of and used as an inert gas, but it is not truly inert.
Nitrogen gas is also used to provide an unreactive atmosphere. It is used in this way to preserve foods, and in the electronics industry during the production of transistors and diodes. Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing stainless steel and other steel mill products.
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This project includes production of syngas from biomass and its purification. Firstly we discuss feasibility and availability of raw material. Then we have literature survey. A lot of techniques are there to produce syngas, we have discuss process selection. Environmental considerations are also have been discussed. Piping and instrumentation (P&ID) diagrams also have been attached. At the end we've our conclusion and our recommendations.
What does hydrogen gas mean?
Medical Definition of hydrogen
: a nonmetallic element that is the simplest and lightest of the elements and that is normally a colorless odorless highly flammable diatomic gas —symbol H — see deuterium, tritium.
Hydrogen gas is sometimes used directly to create an acid. For example, it is used in the creation of hydrochloric acid: H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl. Hydrogen gas is used in the processing of petroleum products to break down crude oil into fuel oil, gasoline, and such.
Calorimeter to measure the calorific value of fuelsatechnicalboard
Calorimetry is the field of science that deals with the measurement of the state of a body with respect to the thermal aspects in order to examine its physical and chemical changes. The changes could be physical such as melting, evaporation or could also be chemical such as burning, acid-base neutralisation etc.
A calorimeter is what is used to measure the thermal changes of a body.
Calorimetry is applied extensively in the fields of thermochemistry in calculating the enthalpy, stability, heat capacity etc.
What Is a Calorimeter?
A calorimeter is a device used for heat measurements necessary for calorimetry. It mainly consists of a metallic vessel made of materials which are good conductors of electricity such as copper and aluminium etc. There is also a facility for stirring the contents of the vessel. This metallic vessel with a stirrer is kept in an insulating jacket to prevent heat loss to the environment. There is just one opening through which a thermometer can be inserted to measure the change in thermal properties inside. Let us discuss how exactly heat measurements are made. In the previous article, we discussed the specific heat capacity of substances.
Such measurements can be made easily with this. Say in a calorimeter a fixed amount of fuel is burned. The vessel is filled with water, and the fuel is burned, leading to the heating of the water. Heat loss by the fuel is equal to the heat gained by the water. This is why it is important to insulate the calorimeter from the environment; to improve the accuracy of the experiment. This change in heat can be measured through the thermometer. Through such a measurement, we can find out both the heat capacity of water and also the energy stored inside a fuel.
Uses of Calorimetry
It is well known now that matter always obeys the principle of lowest energy i.e. given the option, the matter will exist in the lowest energy state possible. Despite this, matter can have a variety of energetic states. Uranium atoms, for example, are a powerhouse.
The energy of matter has a profound effect on its natural occurrence and its reactivity etc. If we can unravel the relationship between them, then we can predict the natural occurrence, reactivity and physical properties based on the energy measurements we make through calorimetry. Understanding the thermodynamic properties of a substance will inevitably yield answers to structure and other properties.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. o Younas Chandio D-17-CH-25
o Hasnat ali chang D-17-CH-27
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2. Introduction of Nitrogen Gas
• It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish
physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772.
• English word “nitrogen” entered the language in
1794.
• Nitrogen gas is a chemical compound with
symbol N2.
3. Introduction of Nitrogen Gas
• Dinitrogen forms about 78% of Earth's atmosphere,
making it the most abundant uncombined element.
• Nitrogen occurs in all organisms, primarily in amino
acids, proteins, chlorophyll, in the nucleic
acids (DNA and RNA) and other biomolecules.
• The human body contains about 3% nitrogen by mass.
• It is so inert at standard temperature and pressure that it
was termed "azote" (meaning “without life”).
78%
21%
1%
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Other
4. History
• Nitrogenous timeline
– 1867, Dynamite is invented. Notroglycerin is highly unstable
liquid , likely to explode with slightest shock.
– 1900, TNT The explosive yield of TNT is considered to be
the standard measure of bombs and other explosives. It is used as a
weapon in World war I (1914).TNT is more power full then
Dynamite.
– 1940 World War II, two weapon introduce as a explosive,
RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro 1,3,5-triazine)
PETN (pentaerythritoltetranitrate)
– 1945 Ammonium Nitrate, it is know as potential explosive power.
It is not safe to handle.
– 1957, ANFO (Ammonium Nirate Fuel Oil) explosive is developed
by mixing of ammonium nitrate and liquid fuel oil. ANFO is
relatively safe to handle.
5. Structure of Nitrogen Gas
• The extremely strong triple bond in elemental nitrogen
(N≡N)
• It is the second strongest bond in any diatomic
molecule after carbon monoxide.
6.
7. Preparation of Nitrogen gas
Method of preparation
• Polymeric Membrane
• Pressure Swing Adsorption or PSA
• Cryogenic distillation
8. Preparation of Nitrogen gas
form cryogenic distillation
• Technology for separating air into its primary components
like nitrogen by cryogenic distillation has been practiced
for over 100 years.
• Cryogenic distillation of air for preparation of
nitrogen is one of the most popular air separation process,
used frequently in medium to large scale plants.
• It is the most cost effective technology for high
production rate plants.
9. Process
• Compression of air
• Air cooling
• Purification of air
• Cooling of air
• Separation of air (distillation)
• Withdrawal and storage
11. Process
• Compression of air
Ambient air is filtered to remove dust particals and then fed
to a series of turbo compressors to approx. 6 bar operational
pressure , with an intercooler.
12. Process
• Air cooling :
Process air is cooled with direct contact of chilled water. Cooling
water is prepared in an evaporation cooler against dry
oxygen/nitrogen waste gas from rectification process.
13. Process
• Purification of air:
Impurities such as water vapor and carbon dioxide are removed from the
air in a so‐called molecular sieve absorber. These impurities otherwise
would freeze and disrupt equipment.
14. Process
• Freon Cooler
The purified air in the main heat exchanger is cooled to approx. ‐170°C.
Cooling is achieved by the flows of cold gas generated during the
process cool the compressed air,
it undergoes partial liquefaction. Now the air is ready for the separating
column, where the actual separation takes
place.
15. Process
Distillation Column
• Separation of air into pure nitrogen is performed in two columns, the
medium‐pressure and the low‐pressure Columns.
• The continuous evaporation and condensation brought about by excha
nge of matter and heat between the rising steam and the descending liq
uid produces pure nitrogen at the top of the low‐pressure column and p
ure oxygen at the bottom.
16. Process
Withdrawal and storage:
Gaseous nitrogen are fed into pipelines for transport to users, e.g. steelw
orks. In liquid form, nitrogen
is stored in tanks and transported to customers by tanker Lorries.
19. Process flow diagram of cryogenic air distillation
Boiling point
Nitrogen gas = -196 °C
Oxygen gas = -183 °C
20. Cryogenic Distillation
• Advantages
– Can generate liquid nitrogen for storage on site.
– Produce very high purity nitrogen.
– Low amount of electricity per unit nitrogen.
• Disadvantages
– High capital cost.
– Large site space and utility requirements.
– Long start-up and shutdown.
21. Physical Properties
• At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the
element bind to form dinitrogen N2.
• Incombustible, diatomic gas.
• Molecular Weight (lb/mol) 28.01.
• It does not burn.
• Colourless
• Odorless
• Tasteless
22. Physical Properties
• Melting point −210.0°C
• Boiling point −195.795°C
• It is slightly lighter than air.
• Gas Density @ STP is 0.0725 (lb/ft3).
• Specific Gravity 0.967.
23. Chemical Properties
• When a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen is heated to
about 500°C, 200-900 atmosphere and in the presence of a
catalyst, ammonia gas is liberated.
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
• When a mixture of nitrogen of nitrogen and oxygen is
heated at 2000°C- 3000°C in electric arc, they combine
together and give oxides of nitrogen.
2N2 + O2 → 2N2O (Nitrous oxide)
N2 + O2 → 2NO (Nitric oxide)
N2 + 2 O2 → 2NO2 (Nitrogen dioxide)
24. Chemical Properties
• Reactive metals like magnesium, calcium, aluminium etc.
when burnt in nitrogen forms respective nitrides.
3Mg + N2 → Mg3N2 (magnesium nitride)+heat
3Ca + N2 → Ca3N2 (calcium nitride)+heat
2Al + N2 → 2AIN (aluminium nitride) +heat
25. Facts
• Titan is the moon of planet Saturn whose atmosphere is made of about
98% Nitrogen.
• Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas is made with nitrogen. It is
used by dentists for some dental procedures. It is called laughing gas
because it makes some people laugh.
• Nitrogen is used in the manufacturing of dynamite (an explosive).
• Nitrogen is the 7th most abundant element in the universe.
• The human body contains about 3% Nitrogen.
26. Gas industry in Pakistan
• Ghani gases
• Linde gases
• Bp Pakistan Exploration And Production Inc
• United Energy Pakistan Ltd.
28. Uses
• It is use to Modified Atmosphere Packaging of foods.
– Food lasts longer
– Looks better
– Keeps taste
– Allows transportation
– It helps slow down bacterial growth and other spoilage
mechanisms
• Liquid nitrogen is a useful coolant.
• It is uses related to fertilizer, dynamite, medical anesthetic
and even car racing.
29. Uses
• Fill gas for aircraft tyres.
• Liquid nitrogen is often used to provide the necessary
refrigeration.
• Liquid nitrogen Reactor cooling and temperature control
systems.
• Nitrogen is used to freeze blood, as well as viruses for
vaccination.
• Liquid nitrogen is also used in some MRI (Magnetic
Resonance Imaging) devices.