Sodium hydroxide was discovered in 1807 by Humphrey Day in England. It is a white solid compound consisting of sodium and hydroxide ions. It is produced industrially through electrolysis of brine using the Castner-Kellner or Nelson cell processes. Sodium hydroxide is very basic and has many industrial uses such as in soap production, rayon manufacturing, and petroleum products. It has important chemical properties like reacting with acids to form salts and water. Major sodium hydroxide producers in Pakistan include Sitara Chemicals, Tufail Chemicals, and ICI Pakistan.

2. Sodium Hydroxide

3. ➢Sodium Hydroxide is a very basic compound
that is used mostly in the chemical industry.
In this presentation, you will learn more about
the uses, history and general facts
aboutSodium Hydroxide.

4.  Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an
inorganic compound
 with the formula NaOH.
 It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium
cations Na+ and hydroxide
 anions OH−.
 Sodium Hydroxide was discovered by Humphrey Day while
in England in the year
 1807.
 The event or experiment that was used for this discovery is
unknown. For quite a
 few years after its discovery it was considered an
elementary substance and was
 called a fixes alkali

6. STRUCTURE OF NaOH

8. NaOH BONDING
 We can see the sodium (Na) part on the left and
the hydroxide (-OH) part on the right.
The bond that binds the hydrogen (H) to the
oxygen (O) is covalent. The sodium is bonded to
the hydroxide part of the compound with an
ionic bond.

9. USES
 Manufacture soaps
 Rayon
 Paper
 Explosives
 petroleum products

10. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
 Chemical formula:NaOH
 Molecular weight:40.01
 Synonyms:White caustic,
caustic soda, soda lye, lye
 Melting point:318. 4°C
 Boiling point:1390°C
 Specific gravity:2.13
 Solubility:
 Soluble in water, ethanol
and glycerol; insoluble in
acetone and ether
 General characteristics:
 White deliquescent solid

11. Raw Materials:
 NaCl (sodium hydroxide)
 H2O (water)

12. PRODUCTION OF NaOH
NaOH is produced by so many methods but some of the following methods are following:
➢ REVERSE OF NEUTRALIZATION
➢ CASTNER-KELLNER PROCESS
➢ NELSON CELL
REVERSE OF NEUTRALIZATION
NaCl +H2O →HCl + NaOH

13. Castner–Kellner process
➢PRINCIPLE
In castner-kellner method NaOH is prepared by the
electrolysis of aqueous solution of NaCl (Brine).
 Concentration of brine
25 % mass/mass
i.e. 25 gm of NaCl is dissolved in 75 gm of water

14. Castner-kellner cell
It is a rectangular tank of steel. Inside of tank is lined
with "ebonite“. Anode is made of titanium. Flowing
layer of mercury (Hg) at the bottom of tank serves as
cathode.

15. .

16. Details of process
 Ionization of NaCl
2NaCl → 2Na+ + 2Cl-
When electric current is passed through brine, +ve and
-ve ions migrate towards their respective electrodes.
Na+ions are discharged at mercury cathode. The
sodium deposited at mercury forms
SODIUM AMALGAM. Chlorine produced at the
anode is removed from the top of the cell.

17. Reaction at cathode
2Na+ +2 e- → 2Na
Na forms amalgam.Na + Hg è Na/Hg
Na+ ions are discharged in preference to H+ ions due to
high over voltage.

18. Reaction at anode
2Cl-→ Cl2 + 2e-
Formation of NaOH
Amalgam moves to another chamber called "denuder",
where it is treated with water to produce
NaOH which is in liquid state. Solid NaOH is
obtained by the evaporation of this solution.2Na/Hg +
2H2O → 2NaOH + H2 + 2Hg

19. PFD DIAGRAM

20. Advantages of castner's process
 NaOH obtained is highly pure.
 The process is very efficient
 Possible reaction between NaOH and Cl2 is avoided as
NaOH is obtained in a separated chamber.

21. Disadvantages
 High electricity consumption.
 Environmental pollution due to escape of Hg vapours.

22. NELSON CELL:
➢Principle:
Electrolyte used in this process is aqueous NaCl (Brine).
Working:
Porous diaphragm of asbestos or metal oxide with polymer
separates anode and cathode compartments. Diaphragm
prevents hydroxide ions entering anode compartment and
prevents chloride ions entering cathode compartment.

23. Reaction At Anode
 At the anode, carbon or titanium coated with Ru-Ti oxide, where
 the chlorine ion are oxidized.
 Saturated brine enters into the anode compartment and produces
 chlorine gas.
Cl-1→ Cl2 + 2e
Reaction At Cathode
 The saturated flows the diaphragm and into the cathode compartment.
 At the cathode, steel mesh, hydrogen gas and hydroxide are produced.
 2H2O + 2e → H2 +OH
 Na+ migrates across diaphragm to cathode compartment combining
with OH-to form NaOH

24. Overall cell reaction:
2H2O(l)+ 2Cl-(aq)+ 2Na+(aq)→2Na+(aq)+ 2OH-(aq)+ H2(g)+
Cl2(g)
 Sodium hydroxide NaOH(s)can be crystallized out.

25. NELSON CELL PFD

26. Chemical Properties:
➢Neutralization:
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
➢Reaction with Ammonium Salts:
NaOH + NH4Cl → NH4OH + NaCl
➢Reaction With Metal:
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2 + 3H2

27. INDUSTRIES IN PAKISTAN
SITARA CHEMICALS
TUFAIL CHEMICALS
ICI PAKISTAN
PAK CHEMICALS
COSMO INTERNATIONALS

28. REFRENCES
 https://www.mustakbil.com/companies/pakistan/che
micals
 https://www.slideshare.net/yenwen/manufacture-of-
sodium-hydroxide
 https://www.slideshare.net/bejoybj/applicatiosn-of-
sodium-hydroxide-caustic-soda
 Google.com/images

29. ‫شکریہ‬

30. Any Question…???

31. IF ANY QUESTION:
Contact:
Rao Shahriyar Ali;
03144517113
Moiz Ur Rehman;
03369269090
Bilal Jatt;
03083303302
Khaleel;
03030216945