This document discusses capnography, which is the monitoring of carbon dioxide levels in exhaled breath. It can be used to assess ventilation, circulation, and metabolism during anesthesia and intensive care. The document defines capnography and describes the capnogram waveform and how it reflects respiratory parameters. Abnormal waveforms can indicate various lung diseases. Capnography is useful for confirming endotracheal tube placement and detecting malpositions. It provides advantages over pulse oximetry during procedures done under sedation. The principles of mainstream and sidestream capnography devices are outlined, as well as clinical applications in emergency medical services and indications for diagnostic usage.
Humidifiers in anaesthesia and critical careTuhin Mistry
Humidification of inhaled gases has been standard of care during mechanical ventilation in anaesthesia and intensive care. Active & Passive humidification devices have rapidly evolved. basic knowledge of the mechanisms of action of each of these devices, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, becomes a necessity for anaesthesiologists and intensivists.
Humidifiers in anaesthesia and critical careTuhin Mistry
Humidification of inhaled gases has been standard of care during mechanical ventilation in anaesthesia and intensive care. Active & Passive humidification devices have rapidly evolved. basic knowledge of the mechanisms of action of each of these devices, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, becomes a necessity for anaesthesiologists and intensivists.
mapleson circuits used in anesthesia practice, are in their way out but it is as important to know the mechanism with which the gases flow to and fro through them.
mapleson circuits used in anesthesia practice, are in their way out but it is as important to know the mechanism with which the gases flow to and fro through them.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. DEFINITION
• The term capnography refers to the non
invasive measurement of the partial
pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in
exhaled breath expressed as the
CO2 concentration over time.
• The relationship of CO2 concentration
to time is graphically represented by the
CO2 waveform, or capnogram
3. • Capnography is the monitoring of
the concentration or partial
pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in
the respiratory gases.
• It is mainly used as a monitoring
tool for use
during anesthesia and intensive
care.
4. • It is usually presented as a graph of
expiratory CO2 (measured in
millimeters of mercury, "mmHg")
plotted against time, or, less
commonly, but more usefully,
expired volume.
• When the measurement is taken at
the end of a breath (exhaling), it is
called "end tidal" CO2 (ETCO2).
5. • During anesthesia, there is interplay
between two components: the patient
and the anesthesia administration
device (which is usually a breathing
circuit and a ventilator)
• The critical connection between the two
components is either an endotracheal
tube or a mask, and CO
2 is typically monitored at this junction.
6. • Capnography directly reflects the
elimination of CO2 by the lungs to
the anesthesia device.
• Indirectly, it reflects the production
of CO2 by tissues and the circulatory
transport of CO2 to the lungs.
12. DIAGNOSTIC USAGE
• Capnography provides information
about CO2 production, pulmonary
perfusion, alveolar ventilation, respira
tory patterns, and elimination of CO
2 from the anesthesia breathing
circuit and ventilator.
13. • The shape of the curve is affected by
some forms of lung disease; in
general there are obstructive
conditions such
as bronchitis, emphysema and asth
ma, in which the mixing of gases
within the lung is affected.
14. • Conditions such as pulmonary
embolism and congenital heart
disease, which affect perfusion of
the lung, do not, in themselves,
affect the shape of the curve, but
greatly affect the relationship
between expired CO2 and arterial
blood CO2
15. • Capnography can also be used to
measure carbon dioxide production, a
measure of metabolism.
Increased CO2 production is seen
during fever and shivering.
• Reduced production is seen during
anesthesia and hypothermia.
16.
17. ADVANTAGES
• This technique allows insight into
the alveolar ventilation, perfusion
and metabolism of breathing
• The appropriate tracing/mark on a
pulse oximeter guarantees that the
recorded oxygen saturation
provided is valid.
18. • Secondly, the evaluation of the
provided waveform gives key
information about latent,
underlying physiologic conditions
and the ongoing processes of
diseases.
19.
20. • Capnometry is a non-invasive
monitoring technique. It allows
quick and reliable insight into
aspects like: ventilation, circulation,
and metabolism.
• In diagnosis, monitoring, and
prediction of outcome capnometry
is an important tool, especially in
the pre-hospital setting
21. • Conditions such as pulmonary
embolisms (PE's) and congenital
heart disease, affecting perfusion of
the lung do not affect the shape of
the curve, but have an affect on the
relationship between
expired CO2 and arterial blood CO2.
22. • Capnography can also be used to
measure carbon dioxide production.
Increased CO2 production is seen
during fever and shivering. Reduced
production is seen during
anesthesia and hypothermia.
23. WORKING MECHANISM
• Capnographs usually work on the
principle that CO2 absorbs infrared
radiation. A beam of infrared light is
passed across the gas sample to fall on a
sensor.
• The presence of CO2 in the gas leads to a
reduction in the amount of light falling
on the sensor, which changes the
voltage in a circuit.
24. • The analysis is rapid and accurate,
but the presence of nitrous oxide in
the gas mix changes the infrared
absorption via the phenomenon of
collision broadening. This must be
corrected for measuring the CO2 in
human breath by measuring its
infrared absorptive power.
25. CAPNOGRAM MODEL
• The capnogram waveform provides
information about various respiratory
and cardiac parameters.
• The capnogram double-
exponential model attempts to
quantitatively explain the relationship
between respiratory parameters and
the exhalatory segment of a capnogram
waveform
27. • This model explains the rounded
"shark-fin" shape of the capnogram
observed in patients
with obstructive lung disease.
28. EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES
Capnography is increasingly being
used by EMS personnel to aid in
their assessment and treatment of
patients in the pre hospital
environment.
29. • These uses include verifying and
monitoring the position of
an endotracheal tube or a blind
insertion airway device.
• A properly positioned tube in
the trachea guards the patient's airway
and enables the paramedic to breathe
for the patient. A misplaced tube in
the esophagus will lead to the patient's
death if it goes undetected.
30. • Capnography provides a rapid and
reliable method to detect life-
threatening conditions (malposition
of tracheal tubes, unsuspected
ventilatory failure, circulatory
failure and defective breathing
circuits) and to circumvent
potentially irreversible patient
injury.
31. • During procedures done under
sedation, capnography provides
more useful information, e.g. on the
frequency and regularity of
ventilation, than pulse oximetry.
32. • When expired CO2 is related to
expired volume rather than time,
the area beneath the curve
represents the volume of CO2 in the
breath, and thus over the course of
a minute, this method can yield
the CO2 per minute elimination, an
important measure of metabolism.
33. • Sudden changes in CO2 elimination
during lung or heart surgery usually
imply important changes in cardio
respiratory function.
34. • Changes in the shape of the
capnogram are diagnostic of disease
conditions, while changes in end-
tidal CO2 (EtCO2), the maximum
CO2 concentration at the end of
each tidal breath, can be used to
assess disease severity and
response to treatment.
35. • Capnography is also the most
reliable indicator that an
endotracheal tube is placed in
the trachea after intubation.
36. • Capnography provides
instantaneous information about
ventilation (how effectively CO2 is
being eliminated by the pulmonary
system), perfusion (how effectively
CO2 is being transported through
the vascular system), and
metabolism (how effectively CO2 is
being produced by cellular
metabolism).
37. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Carbon dioxide (CO2) monitors
measure gas concentration, or
partial pressure, using one of
two configurations: mainstream
or sidestream.
38.
39. • Mainstream devices measure
respiratory gas (in this case CO2)
directly from the airway, with
the sensor located on the airway
adapter at the hub of the
endotracheal tube (ETT).
40.
41. • Sidestream devices measure
respiratory gas via nasal or
nasal-oral cannula by aspirating
a small sample from the exhaled
breath through the cannula
tubing to a sensor located inside
the monitor
44. REFERENCES
• Friesen RH, Alswang M. End-tidal PCO2 monitoring via nasal cannulae in pediatric patients:
accuracy and sources of error. J Clin Monit 1996; 12:155.
• Gravenstein N. Capnometry in infants should not be done at lower sampling flow rates. J Clin
Monit 1989; 5:63.
• Sasse FJ. Can we trust end-tidal carbon dioxide measurements in infants? J Clin Monit 1985;
1:147.
• Yamanaka MK, Sue DY. Comparison of arterial-end-tidal PCO2 difference and dead space/tidal
volume ratio in respiratory failure. Chest 1987; 92:832.
• Hardman JG, Aitkenhead AR. Estimating alveolar dead space from the arterial to end-tidal
CO(2) gradient: a modeling analysis. Anesth Analg 2003; 97:1846.
• Stewart RD, Paris PM, Winter PM, et al. Field endotracheal intubation by paramedical
personnel. Success rates and complications. Chest 1984; 85:341.
• Shea SR, MacDonald JR, Gruzinski G. Prehospital endotracheal tube airway or esophageal
gastric tube airway: a critical comparison. Ann Emerg Med 1985; 14:102.
• Pointer JE. Clinical characteristics of paramedics' performance of endotracheal intubation. J
Emerg Med 1988; 6:505.
• Jenkins WA, Verdile VP, Paris PM. The syringe aspiration technique to verify endotracheal
tube position. Am J Emerg Med 1994; 12:413.
• Bozeman WP, Hexter D, Liang HK, Kelen GD. Esophageal detector device versus detection of
end-tidal carbon dioxide level in emergency intubation. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 27:595.