A dialyzer is a mechanical device that acts as an artificial kidney by removing waste and excess fluid from the blood. It contains semi-permeable membranes made of thin fibers with microscopic pores that allow small molecules like toxins and water to pass through but keep larger molecules like blood cells and protein inside the blood. Modern dialyzers consist of hollow fiber membranes encased in a rigid cylindrical casing and can filter the equivalent area of 1-2 square meters. Dialyzers come in external, implantable, and wearable forms to provide hemodialysis treatment for kidney failure patients.

1. DIALYZER / ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
DR (Mrs)MAHESWARI JAIKUMAR
maheswarijaikumar2103@gmail.com

2. DIALYZER/ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
Dialyzer is a mechanical device that
operates outside the body and
substitutes for the kidney by
removing waste products from the
blood.
Also called hemodialyzer.

3. A dialyzer is an artificial filter
containing fine fibers.
The fibers are hollow with
microscopic pores in the wall,
also known as semi-permeable
dialysis membrane.

4. • Artificial kidney is also expected
to correct pH that is usually
acidic before treatment by
balancing electrolytes in addition
to removing waste products and
excess water

5. • All these functions are
dependent upon the
permeability of the membrane
used in a dialyzer and since the
quality of treatment is strongly
dependent on the performance
of the dialyzer, many materials
have been proposed as a
candidate of the membrane

6. • Currently there are several
commercial materials available,
including natural polymers and
synthetic polymeric ones.

7. • In hemodialysis, a dialysis machine
and a special filter called an artificial
kidney, or a dialyzer, are used to
clean the blood.
• To get the patient’s blood into the
dialyzer, the doctor needs to make
an access, or entrance, into the
paient’s blood vessels. This is done
with minor surgery, usually in the
arm of the patient

8. HISTORY
• The first successful artificial kidney
was developed by Willem Kolff in
the Netherlands during the early
1940s. Kolff was the first to
construct a working dialyzer in
1943.

9. MODERN DIALYZER
• Modern dialysers typically
consist of a cylindrical rigid
casing enclosing hollow fibers
cast or extruded from a polymer
or copolymer, which is usually a
proprietary formulation.

10. • The combined area of the hollow
fibers is typically between 1-2
square meters. Intensive
research has been conducted by
many groups to optimize blood
and dialysate flows within the
dialyser, in order to achieve
efficient transfer of wastes from
blood to dialysate.

11. TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
• EXTERNAL DIALYZER
• IMPLANTABLE ARTIFICIAL
KIDNEY
• WEARABLE ARTIFICIAL
KIDNEY

12. EXTERNAL DIALYZER

13. IMPLANTABLE ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
Scientist are in the process of
developing implantable artificial kidney
that can be implanted inside the body
The implantable artificial kidney is a bio-
hybrid device that can imitate the
functions of a healthy kidney by
removing enough waste products to
keep a patient from needing dialysis
treatment.

14. • The key to the success of this device is
the use of silicon nanotechnology and
the microchip which is porous and can
act as a natural filter.

15. • The dialyzer is designed with pores
where each pore (of the filter) is
designed to perform a specific
function or task.
• The microchips will also act as a
platform for which living kidney
cells will reside and grow on and
around the filters with the goal of
imitating the natural functions of
the kidney.

16. • The bio-hybrid device will not be in
reach of the body’s immune response
which allows it to be protected against
being rejected by the patient's body.
• The device will be designed to be small
enough to fit inside a patient’s body
that will successfully operate with the
patient’s natural blood flow

17. WEARABLE ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY
• A wearable artificial kidney is a
wearable dialysis machine that a person
with end-stage kidney disease could use
daily or even continuously.
• A wearable artificial kidney (WAK) is not
available, but research teams are in the
process of developing such a device.

18. WEARABLE ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY

19. • The goal is to develop a portable device that
will be able to imitate the functions of the
regular kidney. This device would allow for a
patient to be treated twenty-four hours a
day.
• With the development of miniature pumps,
the hope of an effective wearable
hemodialysis device has become realizable.
Some patients already receive continuous
peritoneal dialysis treatment which allows
them to remain ambulatory.

20. • The treatment results in a lower
quality of life as well as a higher
mortality rate for patients with End
Stage Renal Disease (ESRD).

21. PARTS OF A DIALYZER
• The parts of the dialyzer are as follows:
• POTTING COMPOUND
• CAPILLARY MEMBRANES (dialyzer membrane)
• HOUSING POLYMERS
• HEADER CAP
• INLET FOR BLOOD
• OUTLET FOR BLOOD
• INLET FOR DIALYSATE FLOW
• OUTLET FOR DIALYSATE FLOW

22. MAJOR COMPONENT OF A
DIALYZER
• BLOOD COMPARTMENT
• DIALYSATE COMPARTMENT
• SEMI PERMIABLE MEMBRANE
• MEMBRANE SUPPORTING
STRUCTURE

23. PARTS OF A DIALYZER

24. PARTS OF DIALYZER

28. DIALYZER MEMBRANE
The membrane used in a dialyzer is called
dialysis membrane . Currently, both
artificial polymer and cellulosic
modified membranes are used dialysis ther
apy.

29. NATURAL DIALYZER MEMBRANE
Membrane materials commonly used
for dialyzers included natural
substituted cellulose (cellulose acetate,
diacetate, triacetate as by adding these
side groups reduces
bio‐incompatibility),

30. SYNTHETIC DIALYZER MEMBRANE
Synthetic membranes are made of
polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile,
polycarbonate, polyamide, and
polymethylmethacrylate

33. PURPOSE OF A DIALYSIS MEMBRANE
• Semi-permeable membrane, usually
made of cellulose acetate.
• It is used in dialysis, a process which
involves the removal of very small
molecular weight solutes from a
solution, along with equilibrating the
solution in a new buffer. This can also be
useful for concentrating a dilute
solution

34. TECHNIQUE USED BY DIALYZER
• Dialysis is a technique based on the
diffusion of small solutes from a
concentrated solution to a lower-
concentration solution of this solute
through a semipermeable
membrane until equilibrium is
reached

35. MECHANISM OF ACTION
How does the dialyzer clean the
blood?
• The dialyzer, or filter, has two parts,
one for your blood and one for a
washing fluid called dialysate. A thin
membrane separates these two
parts.

36. • Blood cells, protein and other
important things remain in your
blood because they are too big to
pass through the membrane.
• Smaller waste products in the
blood, such as urea, creatinine,
potassium and extra fluid pass
through the membrane and are
washed away.

37. • Selective permeable
membranes only allows small
molecules such as glucose, amino
acids to readily pass through, and
inhibits larger molecules like
protein, starch, from passing
through it.

38. MECHANISM OF DIALYSIS

40. HOW A DIALYZER WORKS

41. REFERENCE
• ^ "Kidney Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy".
2017-08-29.
• ^ "The Kidneys and How They Work". www.niddk.nih.gov.
Retrieved 2015-11-30.
• ^ "Kidney Overview". WebMD. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
• ^ "Key Points: About Dialysis For Kidney Failure". www.kidney.org.
National Kidney Foundation. 2016.
• ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Johnson, Steven (2014-10-11). "Dialysis Demand
Strong as Kidney Disease Grows". www.modernhealthcare.com. Modern
Healthcare.
• ^ Bywaters EGL, Beall D (1941). "Crush injuries with impairment of renal
function". British Medical Journal. 1 (4185): 427–
32. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4185.427. PMC 2161734. PMID 20783577.
• ^ Jump up to:a b c "Fast Facts". The National Kidney Foundation. National
Kidney Foundation. 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2016-11-13 – via kidney.org.

42. THANK YOU