This presentation provides an overview of nursing theories and models. It discusses how theories and models can be categorized according to the four concepts of the nursing metaparadigm: person, health, environment, and nursing. Theories are explained as sets of concepts used to describe, explain, and predict phenomena, while models are symbolic representations of relationships among concepts. Developmental, systems, and interaction theories are highlighted. Characteristics and levels of theory development are also summarized.
9. The primary focus is on
change in a particular
direction
This change is orderly &
predictable occurring in
specific stages, levels or
phases.
10. SYSTEMS THEORIES &
MODELS
Each open system can
receive input from the
environment, process in &
provide output to the
environment & receive
feedback while
maintaining a dynamic
tension of forces.
11. Each system strives for a
steady state – balance
between internal &
external forces.
The goal is to view whole
rather than the sum of
the parts.
13. Emphasis is on a person’s
perceptions, self
concept, & ability to
communicate & perform
roles.
The goal is achievement
through reciprocal
interaction
14. DEVELOPMENT OF
THEORIES & MODELS
Is relatively new concept.
The nursing profession
has nor reached a
consensus on the
meaning OF CONCEPTS,
THEORIES, & MODELS.
15. Areas of agreement
include four concepts of
nursing.
Like any discipline nursing
must have a theoretical
base.
16. THEORIES
Are a set of inter-related
concepts that provide a
systematic explanatory &
predictive view of a
phenomena.
17. Can begin as an untested
premise (hypothesis)
that becomes a theory
when tested.
Are tested & validated
through research &
provide direction for this
research.
18. CHARACTERISTICS
Must be logical, simple &
generalizable.
Are composed of concepts &
prepositions.
Inter relate concept to create a
view to look at the phenomena
19. Must be consistent with the
other theories.
Contribute & assist to
general body of knowledge.
Provide specific direction to
guide practice
22. These theories focus on
types of theory needed,
proposal & critique of
sources & methods of
theory development &
proposal of criteria for
theory evaluation
29. • 1950-Teacher’s College
Columbia University offered
master’s & doctoral
programme in nursing.
• 1960-Yale university school of
nursing defined nursing
process.
32. •1965-ANA stressed the need
for theory development.
•1966-Myra Levine published
Four Conservation
Principles.
•1969-Dorothy Johnson’s
Behavioral Systems Model
35. 1971-Dorothea Orem published
Self Care Deficit theory.
1971-Imogene King published
Theory Of Goal Attainment,
& Joyce Travelbee
published Interpersonal
Aspects of Nursing.
39. 1980 To Present
1980-Evelyn Adam
published To Be A Nurse &
Joan published Symbolic
Interactionism.
1982-Joyce Fitzpatrick
published Life Perspective
Model
41. 1984-Patricia Benner
published From Novice to
Expert :Excellence &
Power in Clinical Nursing.
1985-Ramona Mercer
published Maternal Role
Attainment.
43. PREDICTIONS FOR
THEORY DEVELOPMENT
The number of theories &
models will increase.
The use of nursing theory
will be challenged as a result
of nursing shortage.