Detailed anatomy of the brain ventricles , CSF production and pathway and arterial supply and venous drainage of the brain and corresponding CT cross sectional anatomy and definition of sulcus and gyrus and fissure and the names of the important gyri .
This presentation provides a comprehensive review of major sulci of brain which help in defining the different lobes of brain.Very useful for first year residents.
Cisterns of brain and its contents along with its classification and approach...Rajeev Bhandari
This presentation tell us about the basic of cistern , according to its classification both supra tentorial and infratentorial along with ventral and dorsal cistern. basically the cistern contains are well explained on this slide nerve , artery and vein. I hope it will help to rembember well about the contains of cistern and different location of cisterns.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography and VenographyAnjan Dangal
Introduction to MR Angiography and Venography Procedure of Brain . Includes Indication, MRI protocol, planning and anatomy as well as brief intoduction to physics behind MRA and MRV principle.
This presentation provides a comprehensive review of major sulci of brain which help in defining the different lobes of brain.Very useful for first year residents.
Cisterns of brain and its contents along with its classification and approach...Rajeev Bhandari
This presentation tell us about the basic of cistern , according to its classification both supra tentorial and infratentorial along with ventral and dorsal cistern. basically the cistern contains are well explained on this slide nerve , artery and vein. I hope it will help to rembember well about the contains of cistern and different location of cisterns.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography and VenographyAnjan Dangal
Introduction to MR Angiography and Venography Procedure of Brain . Includes Indication, MRI protocol, planning and anatomy as well as brief intoduction to physics behind MRA and MRV principle.
Neuroanatomy of ventricular system and CSF circulation also include
CSF composition
CSF production
CSF circulation
CSF absorption
Intracranial pressure
Raised ICP
Hydrocephalus
Describes the imaging diagnostic criteria of acute diverticulitis in barium studies , ultrasound , computed tomography and MRI .and the classification and complications of acute diverticulitis
Describe types of bowel wall thickening on enhanced CT scan and the diagnostic signs to differentiate inflammatory , neoplastic , ischemic and other causes of bowel wall thickening .
Describes the basic radiology of diffuse interstitial disease ,with differential diagnosis of nodular interstitial pattern and how to approach HRCT findings .
Describes the basic radiology of diffuse interstitial disease ,with differential diagnosis of reticular interstitial pattern and how to approach HRCT findings .
Describes parts of the mediastinum and anatomical landmarks and common mediastinal pathologies and there radiological features and differentiation in a simple educational way with multiple CT examples of different cases .
Describes cross sectional anatomy of the mediastinum , and lobar and segmental anatomy of the lung with teaching points and radiological guidelines and multiple examples of lobar and segmental pathologies and how we localize these pathologies .Also the types of chest CT images and indications of chest CT.
Definition of stroke and cerebrovascular disorders and pathophysiology of cerebral infarct and CT imaging overview of acute-subacute and chronic infarcts and penumbra.
causes of cerebral edema , Radiological signs of acute infarct and hemorrhagic infarct and comparison of MRI and CT in the diagnosis of acute infarct
Role of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion perfusion mismatch
Describe different types of cerebral hemorrhage , causes ,and ,radiological features and important distinguishing imaging criteria with illustrative diagrams and CT images with notice on the complications of brain injury , types of skull fractures with plain x ray images and anatomy of the meninges and the importance of CT imaging in cases of head injury
Brain CT Anatomy and Basic Interpretation Part ISakher Alkhaderi
Detailed anatomy and Radiological guidelines for radiologist and general physicians to facilitate use of BRAIN CT SCAN in medical diagnosis and emergencies supported by images and scientific data.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
3. OBJECTIVES
Illustrate and describe the ventricles.
Describe the structure of the ventricles.
Illustrate and describe the cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) formation, absorption and
circulation.
4. VENTRICLES(Ventricular System)
A ventricle is an internal
cavity of the brain.Within
the brain, which is filled
with cerebrospinal
fluid(CSF).
The ventricular system is
composed of two lateral
ventricles and two midline
ventricles( third and
fourth ventricles).
5. VENTRICLES(Ventricular System)
The chambers are
connected to allow the
flow of cerebrospinal fluid
via two interventricular
foramen (referred to as the
foramen of Monro) and
the cerebral aqueduct
(referred to as the
aqueduct of Sylvius).
6. Lateral view to show the ventricular system of the CNS
Central canal of
medulla
oblongata &
spinal cord
Fourth ventricle
Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
Interventricular
foramen (Monro)
Cerebral
aqueduct
10. LateralVentricles
The lateral ventricles
are two curved shaped
cavities located within
the cerebrum.
The lateral ventricles
are separated by the
septum pellucidum and
do not communicate
directly
12. C-shaped cavity & may be divided into :
2. Anterior
horn
1. Body
3. Posterior
horn
4. Inferior
horn
Third
ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
Lateral view of the ventricular cavities of the brain
Lateral ventricle
14. The third ventricle is a narrow cavity or a slitlike cleft between the 2
thalamus
Communicates ;
●
Anteriorly with lateral ventricles through interventricular
foramina (of monro)
●
Posteriorly with fourth ventricle through cerebral aqueduct (of
sylvius)
Posterior view to show the ventricular system of the CNS
Third ventricle
17. Fourth ventricle
The fourth ventricle Is a
rhomboid or diamond
shaped cavity.
It is a wide and flattened
space located just anterior
to the cerebellum and
posterior to the upper, or
superior, half of the medulla
oblongata and the pons.
20. Pons
Medulla
oblongata
(superior
half)
Fig. : Sagittal section of the 4th ventricle
Cerebral
aqueduct
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
Superior part of the roof ;
Superior medullary velum
Inferior part of the roof ;
Inferior medullary velum
Roof or posterior wall of fourth
ventricle :
21. CENTRAL CANAL
Opens superiorly into the fourth ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
Inferior ½ of
medulla
oblongata
Entire
length of
spinal cord
Central canal
(Lined with
ependyma but no
choroid plexus in the
central canal)
Extends ;
25. CHOROID PLEXUS
It is formed by invaginating of
vascular pia mater into the
ventricular cavity
It becomes highly convoluted &
produce a spongy-like
appearance
It enters the 3rd and 4th
ventricles through their roofs,
and the lateral ventricles
through the choroid fissure
produces cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)
Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
26. What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ?
• Clear, colorless fluid
• Produced by the choroid plexus
• Found in the :
– Ventricles of the brain
– Subarachnoid space (between Arachnoid + Pia mater) around the brain & spinal cord
The pressure of the CSF is kept remarkably constant.
Based on the Monro-Kellie doctrine :
“Volume of BLOOD, CSF & BRAIN at any time must be
relatively constant”
27. Physical characteristics and composition of
the CSF
Appearance Clear and colourless
Volume 130 ml
Rate of production 0.5 ml/min
Pressure 60-150 mm of water
Composition
protein 15-45 mg/100 ml
glucose 50-85 mg/ 100 ml
chloride 720-750 mg/100 ml
No. of cells 0-3 lymphocytes/cu mm
28. Function of the CSF :
1. Cushions & protects the CNS from trauma
2. Provides mechanical buoyancy & support for the brain
3. Serves as a reservoir & assists in the regulation of the
contents of the skull
4. Nourishes the CNS
5. Removes metabolites from the CNS
6. Serves as a pathway for pineal secretions to reach the
pituitary gland
29. Sites of formation :
1. Choroid plexus of the ventricle cavities, mostly is formed
in the LATERALVENTRICLES
2. Some originate from the ependymal cells lining the
ventricles
3. Some from the brain substances through perivascular
spaces
Movement of CSF inside the ventricle is controlled
by the:
1. Pulsation of the artery in the choroid plexus
2. By the aid of the cilia & microvilli of the ependymal
cells
30. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The CSF is formed in the lateral
ventricles escapes by the foramen of
monro into the third ventricle
From the third ventricle by the aqueduct
into the fourth ventricle.
Then from the fourth ventricle the fluid
is poured into the subarachnoid spaces
through the medial foramen of
majendie and the two lateral foramina
of luschka.
There is no evidence that functional
communications between the cerebral
ventricles and the subarachnoid spaces
exist in any region except from the
fourth ventricle.
31. Choroid plexus of the
lateral ventricle
Site of formation
1. Lateral ventricle
2.Third ventricle
Interventricular foramina
3. Fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
3.2 Lateral
foramina
(Luschka)
3.1 Median
foramen
(Magendie)
3.2 Lateral
foramina
(Luschka)
4. Subarachnoid space
Inferiorly
Superiorly
Absorbed
Superiorly
Absorbed
32. Median sagittal section to show the subarachnoid cisterns &
circulation of CSF
Superior
cistern
Interpeduncular
cistern
Cerebellomedullary
cistern
Chiasmatic
cistern
Pontine
cistern
Circulation of CSF in subarachnoid space :
Median
foramen of
4th ventricle
33. Factors that facilitate the flow of CSF in
subarachnoid space ;
– Pulsation of the cerebral & spinal arteries
– Movements of the vertebral column
– Respiration & coughing
– Changing of the positions
34. Absorption of CSF into dural venous sinuses
Main sites - arachnoid villi (project
into dural venous sinuses, especially,
superior sagittal sinus)
Arachnoid villi are covered by
endothelium of the venous sinus
Arachnoid villi tend to be grouped
together & form elevations known as
arachnoid granulations
CSF pressure >> the pressure in the
sinus
The rate of absorption of CSF
through the arachnoid villi controls
the CSF pressure
37. OBJECTIVES
Illustrate and describe the formation of the
circle of willis
Describe the blood supply of the brain
Arterial supply
Venous drainage
38. Blood Supply ofThe Brain
The brain receives it
arterial supply from
two pairs of vessels,
the vertebral and
internal carotid
arteries which are
interconnected in the
cranial cavity to
produce an arterial
circle (ofWillis).
40. Internal Carotid Artery
Begins – bifurcation of Com Carotid A
Perforates base of skull – carotid canal
Enters middle cranial fossa beside dorsum sellae
In the cavernous sinus
Horizontal
Emerge out – medial side of Ant clinoid process – perforates dura &
arachnoid mater – enters subarachnoid space
Turns posteriorly – below optic nerve
Turns upward – lateral to optic chiasma
Now is under anterior perforated susbtance
Divides – into ANTERIOR & MIDDLE cerebral arteries
41. Vertebral Artery
Branch of first part of subclavian A
Passes – foramen transvesarium C6 – C1
Enters through foramen magnum – perforates dura &
arachnoid mater – enters subarachnoid space
Turns upward, forward, medially – medulla oblongata
Lower border of pons – joins opposite side
BASILAR artery
43. Branches of :-
VERTEBRAL
Basilar
PCA
Pontine
Labyrinthine
Ant Inf CA
Sup cerebellar
Choroidal
INTERNAL CAROTID
ACA
MCA
Ophthalmic
Ant ComA
Post Com A
Choroidal
44. Circle of Willis
Interpeduncular fossa –
base of brain
Anastomosis
2 internal carotid
arteries
2 vertebral arteries
In the subarachnoid
space
47. MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY
LOBE AREA
FRONTAL Motor – except for paracentral lobule
Motor speech – esp left side
PARIETAL Sensory – except for paracentral lobule
Sensory speech
TEMPORAL Auditory
49. ARTERIES to specific brain areas
Corpus striatum Middle & lateral
striate
Anterior & Middle
cerebral artery
Internal capsule
Thalamus PComA, basilar, PCA
Midbrain PCA, supCerebellarA, basilar
Pons Basilar, Ant, inf, supCerebellarA,
Medulla oblongata Vertebral, ASA,PSA,PICA, basilar
Cerebellum supCerebellar, AICA,PICA
50. VEIN of specific areas
Midbrain Basal, great cerebral
Pons Basal, cerebellar
Medulla oblongata Anterior & posterior spinal
Cerebellum Great cerebral
51. Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight
sinus
Superior cerebral vein
Medial aspect of
hemisphere
Great
cerebral
vein
Transverse sinus
(R & L)
Sigmoid sinus
(R & L)
Confluence of
sinus
IntJugular
vein
IntJugular
vein
Cavernous sinus
Middle cerebral vein
Inferior
petrosal
sinus
Superior
petrosal
sinus
52. The subarachnoid cisterns are areas within the
subarachnoid space where the pia mater and
arachnoid membrane are not in close
approximation.The subarachnoid tissue is not as
abundant here as in the normal subarachnoid
space and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) gathers to
form pools or cisterns (Latin: "box").
Some major subarachnoid cisterns:
cisterna magna (cerebellomedullary cistern): the
largest of the subarachnoid cisterns
pontine cistern
suprasellar cistern
interpeduncular cistern
quadrigeminal cistern (superior cistern or cistern
of the great cerebral vein)
ambient cistern
53. Sulcus : A sulcus is depression or fissure in the
surface of the brain. ( valleys )
Gyrus : A gyrus is a ridge on the cerebral
cortex. It is generally surrounded by one or
more sulci ( hills )
62. • Frontal lobe:
Anterior region of hemisphere; anterior to central sulcus,
superior to sylvian fissure
• Parietal lobe:
Posterior region of hemisphere; posterior to central sulcus,
anterior to parietooccipital sulcus
• Occipital lobe:
Posterior to parietooccipital sulcus
• Temporal lobe:
Inferior to sylvian fissure, anterior to angular gyrus