This document provides a summary of the topographic anatomy of the brain and skull. It describes the boundaries and divisions of the head and skull. It then discusses the layers and structures of the meninges (membranes) covering the brain, including the dura mater, arachnoidea, and pia mater. It also outlines the four ventricles within the brain and describes their connections. Major gyri (convolutions) and sulci (fissures) of the brain are identified. The four main lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital - are also defined based on distinguishing anatomical features.
The pharynx is a hollow tube that starts behind the nose, goes down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and esophagus. The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.
The pharynx is a hollow tube that starts behind the nose, goes down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and esophagus. The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.
Introduction to the topographical anatomy and operative sugerykavanvyas1
this short note contains all the necessary information about the basics of topographical anatomy and surgery , which is very helpful to beginners , especially medical aspirants.
Introduction to the topographical anatomy and operative sugerykavanvyas1
this short note contains all the necessary information about the basics of topographical anatomy and surgery , which is very helpful to beginners , especially medical aspirants.
This presentation deals with description of the normas: verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis, frontalis and basalis. There is another presentation “Skull – inside and some separate bones” to complete the objectives.
Objectives
Identify the features of the major bones forming the cranial cavity according to normas and separate bones.
Describe the major sutures.
Describe the structure of the flat bones forming the skull and their blood supply.
Discuss ossification of the skull and the changes that occur during postnatal development.
Locate important bony surface landmarks.
Referred from different sources , here i present a very concise presentation on CRANIAL CAVITY . This presentation will give you complete knowledge of the topic cranial cavity with well elaborated and intellectual diagrams hand picked from F. Netter. ......... Do like and share , Leave your comments so as to get more stuff like this in future.
Brain CT Anatomy and Basic Interpretation Part IISakher Alkhaderi
Detailed anatomy of the brain ventricles , CSF production and pathway and arterial supply and venous drainage of the brain and corresponding CT cross sectional anatomy and definition of sulcus and gyrus and fissure and the names of the important gyri .
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
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5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
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The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
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of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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2. Borders of the head:
From the chin
along the lower
border of mandible
to its angle and
then from the
mastoid process
along the superior
nuchal line to
external occipital
protuberance
3. Divisions
The facial part
Includes:
• Orbits
• Initial parts of
respiratory system
• Initial parts of GI
tract
Brain part
Fornix capitis
Consists of several
regions: Frontal,
Parietal, Occipital,
Temporal, and
Mastoidal
Basis
cranii Has
got internal
and external
surfaces
4. The division line: Stretches
from supraorbital margin
zygomatic arch superior
margin of external acoustic
meatus mastoid process
7. Frontal region
Boundaries: lower border of frontal
region at the place of junction of
nasal bones with frontal bone
(nasion) diverge in different sides
along the superciliar arch then
crossing zygomatic process of
frontal bone the border goes up
along the projectional line of
coronal suture and end on siggital
suture
8. Blood supply: a. supratrochlearis, a. supraorbitalis (from a.
ophtalmica)
Venous drainage: v. supratrochlearis, v. supraorbitalis
Lymph drainage: lymph vessels drain into nodi lymphatici
parotidei superficiales
Innervation: Sensitive nerves are n. supratrochlearis, n.
supraorbitalis (from n. ophtalmicus. Motor nerves: rami
temporalis n. facialis (branches go to m. frontalis)
9. Parietal region
Boundaries: good visible only in
the skull. Borders are along the
projectional lines of coronal,
saggital, lambdoidal sutures and
temporal line
Blood supply: branches of a. temporalis
superficialis
Venous drainage: branches of v. temporalis
superficialis
Lymph drainage: lymph vessels drain into nodi
lymphatici mastoidei
Innervation: branches from nn. Supraorbitalis et
frontalis, n. auriculotemporalis, n. occipialis major
10. Occipital region
Boundaries: borders of the region from
above and on the sides correspond to
the location of lambdoidal suture;
below borders correspond to the line
that stretches from the bases of one
mastoid process to the basis of another
one through the external occipital
protuberance
Blood supply: a. occipitalis, a. auricularis
posterior
Venous drainage: v. occipitalis, v.
vertebralis
Lymph drainage: lymph vessels drain into
nodi lymphatici occipitalis
Innervation: Sensory nerve is n.
suboccipitalis; Motor nerves are n.
occipitalis major, n. occipitalis minor
11. Layers and spaces of frontal, parietal and
occipital regions
1. Skin (cutis) – in these areas is thick and covered by hair (except
frontal region), tightly connected with subcutaneous fat and m.
epicranius by CT septa
2. Subcutaneous fat (panniculus adiposus) contains CT septa, fat
drops and vascular net. Vascular and lymphatic vessels are
tightly fixed in septa and that’s why due to injuries they do not
dissipate and severe bleeding might occur
3. M. epicranius – consists of 2 bellies (venter frontalis and venter
occipitalis) and galea aponeuotica between them. Innervation:
n. facialis
4. Stratum fasciale – the layer of the loose tissue localized between
m. epicranius and periostium
5. Periosteum – tightly connected to bones only in the are of
sutures, in other places it can easily be detached
12. 6. Skull bones (ossa cranii) - thickness varies in different zones.
These bones do not possess ability to regenerate ( that’s why
defect after trepanation is closed only by fibrous tissue). Skull
bones have 3 layers: lamina externa, diploe(spongy layer), lamina
interna
7. Epidural space (cavitas epiduralis) – between internal laminae
and dura mater
8. Dura mater encephali – consists of dense fibrous CT
9. Spatium subdurale – a space between dura mater and
arachnoidea encephali containing fluid
10. Arachnoidea encephali – passes from one gyri to another, not
dropping in sulci.
11. Cavitas arachnoidalis – contains cerebrospinal fluid
12. Pia mater encephali – contains many blood vessels. Covering
all the brain enters into sulci
13. Gray matter of brain
15. Dura mater encephali
A thick whitish CT membrane
is outermost in position.
External surface is in direct
contact with skull bones for
which it serves like periosteum
The inner surface facing the
brain is lined with endothelium
and is therefore smooth and
shiny
Between it and cerebral
arachnoid mater is narrow
subdural space filled with a
small amount of fluid
16. Inner surface gives off several processes, which penetrate between the parts
of the brain and separate one part from another:
The Falx cerebri – lies sagittal between both cerebral hemispheres. Anterior
narrow end grows into the crista galli, while the wide posterior end blend
with the superior surface of tentorium cerebelli
The Tentorium cerebelli – separates the cerebral occipital lobes from the
cerebellum
The Falx cerebelli – lies in saggital plane and separates cerebellar
hemispheres
Blood supply: a. meningea anterior, a. meningea media, a.
meningea posterior, ramus meningeus a. occipitalis
Innervation: r. tentorii n. ophtalmici, r. meningeus n.
maxillaris, r. meningeus n. mandibularis, r. meningeus n.
vagi
17. Arachnoidea encephali
Forms Middle layer of brain
meninges
Separated from dura mater by a
capillary subdural slit-like space
In contrast to pia mater it does not
penetrate into the sulci and
depressions of the brain but
bridges them as a result of which
subarachnoidal spaces filled with
fluid forms
In some places sunarachnoidal
spaces are particularly well
developed and form wide and
deep reserviours filled with
cerebrospinal fluid – cisternae
1. Cisterna cerebromedullaris
2. Cisterna interpeduncularis
3. Cisterna chiasmatis
4. Cisterna fossae lateralis
cerebri
18. Pia mater
Is in intimate
contact with the
brain and dips into
all sulci and
fissures on its
surfaces
It contains blood
vessels and
vascular plexuses
19. BRAIN VENTRICLES
The brain is bathed by the
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Inside the brain, there are
spaces (ventricles) filled
with CSF
There are 4 ventricles
2 lateral ventricles are
in the brain
hemispheres
3rd ventricle is in the
diencephalon
4th ventricle is
between the pons,
open medulla and the
cerebellum
The 3rd & the 4th
ventricles are
connected by the
cerebral aqueduct
22. Lobes
Frontal lobe
in front of central sulcus and above lateral sulcus, line from central sulcus down
to corpus collosum
Parietal lobes
behind central sulcus and above lateral sulcus. A line between parieto-occipital
sulcus and preoccipital notch and middle of the line above to the lateral sulcus
(See Picture 13-1 on P261)
Temporal lobes
lateral sulcus and line described above, a line from anterior end of calcarine
sulcus and preoccipital notch (see Pic 13-2 on P 262)
Occipital lobe
medial surface of the hemisphere, separated from temporal lobe.
Insula
bottom of lateral sulcus.