Describes the basic radiology of diffuse interstitial disease ,with differential diagnosis of reticular interstitial pattern and how to approach HRCT findings .
Describes the basic radiology of diffuse interstitial disease ,with differential diagnosis of nodular interstitial pattern and how to approach HRCT findings .
Describes the basic radiology of diffuse interstitial disease ,with differential diagnosis of nodular interstitial pattern and how to approach HRCT findings .
Role of hrct in interstitial lung diseases pk uploadDr pradeep Kumar
Role of hrct in interstitial lung diseases pk , This is best powerpoint slides presentation including Latest American thoracic society and fleishners society guidelines . this includes radiographic images a well HRCT chest findings of various ILD. This will help alot for md pg radiology resident and radiologist. Thanks
Bronchiectasis ( Bronchos- airways ; ectasia- dilatation) is a morphological term used to describe abnormal irreversibly dilated and often thick walled bronchi.
Bronchiectasis represents the end stage of variety of pathological precesses that cause destruction of bronchial wall and its surrounding tissues.
Radiological and Clinical features of diffuse lung diseases.
Especially, HRCT features and some pathognomonic findings of diffuse lung disease.
Cystic lung diseases, Nodular lung diseases, Fibrotic lung diseases, Smoking related lung diseases,
Describes the imaging diagnostic criteria of acute diverticulitis in barium studies , ultrasound , computed tomography and MRI .and the classification and complications of acute diverticulitis
Describe types of bowel wall thickening on enhanced CT scan and the diagnostic signs to differentiate inflammatory , neoplastic , ischemic and other causes of bowel wall thickening .
Describes parts of the mediastinum and anatomical landmarks and common mediastinal pathologies and there radiological features and differentiation in a simple educational way with multiple CT examples of different cases .
Describes cross sectional anatomy of the mediastinum , and lobar and segmental anatomy of the lung with teaching points and radiological guidelines and multiple examples of lobar and segmental pathologies and how we localize these pathologies .Also the types of chest CT images and indications of chest CT.
Definition of stroke and cerebrovascular disorders and pathophysiology of cerebral infarct and CT imaging overview of acute-subacute and chronic infarcts and penumbra.
causes of cerebral edema , Radiological signs of acute infarct and hemorrhagic infarct and comparison of MRI and CT in the diagnosis of acute infarct
Role of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion perfusion mismatch
Describe different types of cerebral hemorrhage , causes ,and ,radiological features and important distinguishing imaging criteria with illustrative diagrams and CT images with notice on the complications of brain injury , types of skull fractures with plain x ray images and anatomy of the meninges and the importance of CT imaging in cases of head injury
Brain CT Anatomy and Basic Interpretation Part IISakher Alkhaderi
Detailed anatomy of the brain ventricles , CSF production and pathway and arterial supply and venous drainage of the brain and corresponding CT cross sectional anatomy and definition of sulcus and gyrus and fissure and the names of the important gyri .
Brain CT Anatomy and Basic Interpretation Part ISakher Alkhaderi
Detailed anatomy and Radiological guidelines for radiologist and general physicians to facilitate use of BRAIN CT SCAN in medical diagnosis and emergencies supported by images and scientific data.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
• HRCT -- Use of thin section CT images (0.625 to 2
mm slice thickness) often with a high-spatial-
frequency reconstruction algorithm to detect and
characterize disease affecting the pulmonary
parenchyma and airways.
• Superior to chest radiography for detection of lung
disease, points a specific diagnosis and helps in
identification of reversible disease.
2
4. Thin section produces better contrast
between lung parenchyma and
bronchus and pulmonary vessel. A scan
obtained with increased slice thickness,
produces volume averaging with
blurring of pathological details.
5. The division of trachea gives rise to the
left and right mainstream bronchi, which
further divides into lobar and segmental
bronchi. Segmental bronchi divides
after 6 to 20 division they no longer
contain cartilage in their walls and are
referred to as bronchioles.
6. There are approximately 23
generation of dichotomous
branching
From trachea to the
alveolar sac
HRCT can identify upto 8th
order central bronchioles
6
7.
8. SUBJECTS
Anatomy of the secondary lobule
Basic HRCT patterns
Distribution of abnormalities
Differential diagnosis of interstitial lung
diseases
9. Secondary lobule
• The secondary lobule is the basic anatomic
unit of pulmonary structure and function.
Interpretation of interstitial lung diseases is
based on the type of involvement of the
secondary lobule.
It is the smallest lung unit that is surrounded
by connective tissue septa.
It measures about 1-2 cm and is made up of
5-15 pulmonary acini, that contain the alveoli
for gas exchange.
10. Secondary lobule
Basic anatomic unit of pulmonary
structure and function.
1-2 cm and is made up of 5-15
pulmonary acini
Supplied by a small bronchiole
(terminal bronchiole) in the
center, that is parallelled by the
centrilobular artery.
Pulmonary veins and lymphatics
run in the periphery
Two lymphatic systems:
central network
peripheral network
12. • The secondary lobule is supplied by a
small bronchiole (terminal bronchiole) in
the center, that is parallelled by the
centrilobular artery.
Pulmonary veins and lymphatics run in the
periphery of the lobule within the
interlobular septa.
Under normal conditions only a few of
these very thin septa will be seen.
13. There are two lymphatic systems: a
central network, that runs along the
bronchovascular bundle towards the
centre of the lobule and a peripheral
network, that is located within the
interlobular septa and along the pleural
linings.
14. The terminal bronchiole in the center divides into respiratory
bronchioli with acini that contain alveoli.
Lymphatics and veins run within the interlobular septa
15. Centrilobular area
It is the central part of the secondary
lobule.
It is usually the site of diseases, that
enter the lung through the airways
( i.e. hypersensitivity pneumonitis,
respiratory bronchiolitis, centrilobular
emphysema ).
17. Perilymphatic area
Perilymphatic areais the peripheral part
of the secundary lobule.
It is usually the site of diseases, that are
located in the lymphatics of in the
interlobular septa ( i.e. sarcoid,
lymphangitic carcinomatosis, pulmonary
edema).
These diseases are usually also located
in the central network of lymphatics that
surround the bronchovascular bundle.
30. In chest radiology, reticular and linear opacification refers to a
broad sub-group ofpulmonary opacification caused by a decrease in
the gas to soft tissue ratio caused by a pathological process centred in
and around the pulmonary interstitium. This includes thickening of
any of the interstitial compartments by blood, water, tumour, cells,
fibrous disease or any combination
fine "ground-glass" (1-2 mm): seen in processes that
thicken the pulmonary interstitium to produce a fine
network of lines, e.g. interstitial pulmonary oedema
medium "honeycombing" (3-10 mm): commonly seen
in pulmonary fibrosis with involvement of the
parenchymal and peripheal interstitium
coarse (> 10 mm): cystic spaces caused by parenchymal
descruction, e.g. usual interstitial pneumonia,
pulmonary sarcoidosis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis
31.
32. Focal irregular septal thickening in lymphangitic
carcinomatosis
Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis
results from hematogenous
spread to the lung, with
subsequent invasion of
interstitium and lymphatics.
The presenting symptoms are
dyspnea and cough and can
predate the radiographic
abnormalities.
In many cases however the
patients are asymptomatic.
Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis
is seen in carcinoma of the
lung, breast, stomach, pancreas,
prostate, cervix, thyroid and
metastatic adenocarcinoma
from an unknown primary.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37. usual interstitial pneumonia / idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
(UIP/IPF)
non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP)
cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP): formerly
bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
respiratory bronchiolitis–associated interstitial lung disease
(RB-ILD)
desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP)
lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP)
acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP): the only acute process in
the list
39. Usual interstitial pneumonia
Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a form of lung disease characterized
by progressive scarring of both lungs.[1]
The scarring (fibrosis) involves the supporting
framework (interstitium) of the lung. UIP is thus classified as a form of
interstitial lung disease. The term "usual" refers to the fact that UIP is the most common
form of interstitial fibrosis. "Pneumonia" indicates "lung abnormality", which includes
fibrosis and inflammation. A term previously used for UIP in the British literature is
cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, a term that has fallen out of favor since the basic
underlying pathology is now thought to be fibrosis, not inflammation.
Location: distribution
The distribution of UIP on CT images is typically characteristically with an
apico-basal gradient with basal and peripheral predominance, although it is
often patchy.
Typical features include 1,5
:
the presence of reticular opacities in the immediate subpleural lung,
often associated with honeycombing and/ or traction bronchiectasis,
40.
41.
42. Traction bronchiectasis
Bronchial dilatation occurring as a consequence of interstitial
fibrosis is referred to as traction bronchiectasis (Figure 5). The
bronchi often appear irregular (corkscrewed) and are not associated
with radiologic evidence of bronchial inflammation (gross
bronchial wall thickening or mucous impaction). Traction
bronchiectasis is often accompanied by other signs of lung fibrosis
(honeycombing or irregular reticulation). While traction
bronchiectasis is quite specific for fibrosis, the differential
diagnosis is broader than that of honeycombing. Idiopathic
pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is commonly associated with traction
bronchiectasis. However, in the absence of honeycombing, other
diseases are more likely (Chart 3). In patients with known collagen
vascular disease, bibasilar, peripheral, traction bronchiectasis
accompanied by ground-glass attenuation can be considered
diagnostic of NSIP. When the circumstances are less diagnostic, a
surgical biopsy might be required.
43.
44. Honeycombing
Honeycomb lung remodeling (honeycombing) reflects the end stage
of a number of diseases that cause parenchymal destruction. It
presents a characteristic HRCT pattern, with subpleural, thick-
walled cysts that share walls and, when advanced, are often stacked
in multiple layers (Figure 6). It is typically accompanied by other
signs of fibrosis (traction bronchiectasis and reticulation).
Honeycombing is highly suggestive of a pathologic diagnosis of
usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), although it can be attributable to
other diseases (Chart 3). Honeycombing seen on HRCT scans is
often considered diagnostic of UIP in patients presenting the
appropriate clinical profile, and the majority of such patients will
not be subjected to surgical lung biopsy. Because bilateral
honeycombing on HRCT scans is considered diagnostic under these
conditions, it is vitally important for the radiologist to be confident
that honeycombing is truly present before describing it.
46. Non-specific interstitial pneumonia
-fibrotic non specific interstitial pneumonia: more common
-cellular non specific interstitial pneumonia: less common
Prognosis is much better when compared with UIP with 90% 5 years
survival rate for cellular and 45-90 % 5 years survival in fibrotic subtype.
Common manifestations include:
ground-glass opacities combined with irregular linear or reticular opacities
tends to be a dominant feature: can be symmetrically or diffusely distributed
in all zones or display a basal predominance
there can be relative subpleural sparing 11
- relatively specific sign
reticular opacities (sometimes - minor subpleural reticulation)
irregular linear opacities: with NSIP with fibrosis 6-7
thickening of bronchovascular bundles: with NSIP with fibrosis 6
scattered micronodules
in advanced disease
traction bronchiectasis
consolidation
microcystic honeycombing
47.
48. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) is defined as pulmonary
edema due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure secondary
to elevated pulmonary venous pressure. CPE reflects the
accumulation of fluid with a low-protein content in the lung
interstitium and alveoli as a result of cardiac dysfunction .
54. Drug toxicity disease can result in DILD, with histopathologic
reactions ranging from acute injury to UIP-like fibrotic
patterns.(36)
The mechanisms of drug-induced lung injury vary
from cytotoxicity to hypersensitivity
A wide variety of therapy-related reactions have been
described as a consequence of chemotherapeutic agents
(bleomycin, busulfan, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, 1,3-
bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-
cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea), statins, amiodarone,
nitrofurantoin, methotrexate
55. All of the named rheumatic diseases can produce lung fibrosis. Rheumatoid
arthritis and scleroderma are predominately implicated in cases where a UIP
HRCT pattern is seen, and with similar functional abnormalities.
56. Radiation-induced lung disease (RILD) is a frequent complication of
radiotherapy to the chest for chest wall or intrathoracic malignancies and
can have a variety of appearances, especially depending on when the
patient is imaged. Acute and late phases are described, corresponding
to radiation pneumonitis and radiation fibrosisrespectively. These occur
at different times after completion of radiotherapy and have different
imaging features and differential diagnoses.
Thin section produces better contrast between lung parenchyma and bronchus and pulmonary vessel. A scan obtained with increased slice thickness, produces volume averaging with blurring of pathological details.
The division of trachea gives rise to the left and right mainstream bronchi, which further divides into lobar and segmental bronchi. Segmental bronchi divides after 6 to 20 division they no longer contain cartilage in their walls and are referred to as bronchioles.
Unit of lung (0.5-3 cm)
Irregularly polyhedral متعدد السطوح
Supplied by a group of terminal bronchioles and accompanying pulmonary arterioles surrounded by lymph vessels
Demarcated by “interlobular septa”
pulmonary veins
pulmonary lymphatics
connective tissue stroma
Unit of lung (0.5-3 cm)
Irregularly polyhedral متعدد السطوح
Supplied by a group of terminal bronchioles and accompanying pulmonary arterioles surrounded by lymph vessels
Demarcated by “interlobular septa”
pulmonary veins
pulmonary lymphatics
connective tissue stroma
Unit of lung (0.5-3 cm)
Irregularly polyhedral متعدد السطوح
Supplied by a group of terminal bronchioles and accompanying pulmonary arterioles surrounded by lymph vessels
Demarcated by “interlobular septa”
pulmonary veins
pulmonary lymphatics
connective tissue stroma
Unit of lung (0.5-3 cm)
Irregularly polyhedral متعدد السطوح
Supplied by a group of terminal bronchioles and accompanying pulmonary arterioles surrounded by lymph vessels
Demarcated by “interlobular septa”
pulmonary veins
pulmonary lymphatics
connective tissue stroma
Unit of lung (0.5-3 cm)
Irregularly polyhedral متعدد السطوح
Supplied by a group of terminal bronchioles and accompanying pulmonary arterioles surrounded by lymph vessels
Demarcated by “interlobular septa”
pulmonary veins
pulmonary lymphatics
connective tissue stroma
Unit of lung (0.5-3 cm)
Irregularly polyhedral متعدد السطوح
Supplied by a group of terminal bronchioles and accompanying pulmonary arterioles surrounded by lymph vessels
Demarcated by “interlobular septa”
pulmonary veins
pulmonary lymphatics
connective tissue stroma
Unit of lung (1 cm to 1 inch)
Irregularly polyhedral
Supplied by a group of terminal bronchioles and accompanying pulmonary arterioles surrounded by lymph vessels
Demarcated by “interlobular septa”
pulmonary veins
pulmonary lymphatics
connective tissue stroma