This presentation provides a comprehensive review of major sulci of brain which help in defining the different lobes of brain.Very useful for first year residents.
This presentation provides a comprehensive review of major sulci of brain which help in defining the different lobes of brain.Very useful for first year residents.
Its important to recognise the myelination pattern in neonates and infants. This presentation talks about the myelination pattern and imaging of white matter diseases in children.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography and VenographyAnjan Dangal
Introduction to MR Angiography and Venography Procedure of Brain . Includes Indication, MRI protocol, planning and anatomy as well as brief intoduction to physics behind MRA and MRV principle.
Objectives of this presentation are
Introduction to ct
Cross sectional anatomy
Common important pathologies
This presentation is aimed to educate beginers to help in ct interpretetion.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Its important to recognise the myelination pattern in neonates and infants. This presentation talks about the myelination pattern and imaging of white matter diseases in children.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography and VenographyAnjan Dangal
Introduction to MR Angiography and Venography Procedure of Brain . Includes Indication, MRI protocol, planning and anatomy as well as brief intoduction to physics behind MRA and MRV principle.
Objectives of this presentation are
Introduction to ct
Cross sectional anatomy
Common important pathologies
This presentation is aimed to educate beginers to help in ct interpretetion.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Anteriorly bordered by the lamina terminalis, with the anterior commissure above and the optic chiasm below.
Posteriorly bordered by interpeduncular fossa.
Cranial Anastomoses and Dangerous Vascular Connections. Important for Neuroradiologists and Neurointerventionalists. You should know before embolization.
Embryology of the cranial circulation. Important to understand the anatomy of the cerebral circulation. Important for Neuroradiologists and Neurointerventionalists.
Cerebral Venous anatomy from the neuroradiology point of view. Anatomy of the cerebral veins and venous sinuses. Important for Neuroradiologists and Neurointerventionalists.
Anatomy of the posterior cerebral circulation from the neuroradiology point of view. Anatomy of the vertebral artery. Anatomy of the basilar artery. Important for Neuroradiologists and Neurointerventionalists.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
3. DedicationDedication
To the memory of my late father, Prof Ashraf ZaitounTo the memory of my late father, Prof Ashraf Zaitoun
Interventional
Radiology Unit,
Zagazig University,
Egypt
4. Embryology of the brainEmbryology of the brain
Prosencephalon ( forebrainProsencephalon ( forebrain((
Mesencephalon ( midbrainMesencephalon ( midbrain((
Rhombencephalon ( hindbrainRhombencephalon ( hindbrain((
7. **DiencephalonDiencephalon::
--The diencephalon is connected above and inThe diencephalon is connected above and in
front with the cerebral hemispheres; behind withfront with the cerebral hemispheres; behind with
the midbrain. Its upper surface is concealed bythe midbrain. Its upper surface is concealed by
the corpus callosum, and is covered by a fold ofthe corpus callosum, and is covered by a fold of
pia mater, named the tela chorioidea of the thirdpia mater, named the tela chorioidea of the third
ventricle; inferiorly it reaches to the base of theventricle; inferiorly it reaches to the base of the
brainbrain..
8. --It comprisesIt comprises::
11--thalamencephalothalamencephalo::
A)A) ThalamusThalamus
B)B) EpithalamusEpithalamus,, consisting of the trigonumconsisting of the trigonum
habenulae, the pineal body, and the posteriorhabenulae, the pineal body, and the posterior
commissurecommissure
2- Hypothalamus2- Hypothalamus
3- Post. Part of the 33- Post. Part of the 3rdrd
ventricleventricle
9.
10.
11. Mesencephalon = MidbrainMesencephalon = Midbrain
**Tectum + Tegmentum + Cerebral pedunclesTectum + Tegmentum + Cerebral peduncles
**Tectum ( dorsal part of midbrain) consists of sup. Colliculi ( visualTectum ( dorsal part of midbrain) consists of sup. Colliculi ( visual
receptors ) & inf. Colliculireceptors ) & inf. Colliculi
))auditory receptors ) + tectal plateauditory receptors ) + tectal plate
**Tegmentum ( region ventral to ventricular systemTegmentum ( region ventral to ventricular system((
**Caudally joins the pons , rostrally joins the diencephalonCaudally joins the pons , rostrally joins the diencephalon
**Located below the cerebral cortex & above the hindrain , placing itLocated below the cerebral cortex & above the hindrain , placing it
near the center of the brainnear the center of the brain
13. Anatomy of the brainAnatomy of the brain
Cerebral hemispheresCerebral hemispheres
Cerebral cortexCerebral cortex
White matter of the hemispheresWhite matter of the hemispheres
Basal gangliaBasal ganglia
Thalamus , hypothalamus & pineal glandThalamus , hypothalamus & pineal gland
Pituitary glandPituitary gland
Limbic lobeLimbic lobe
BrainstemBrainstem
CerebellumCerebellum
MeningesMeninges
14. Cerebral hemispheresCerebral hemispheres
--Fills the cranial cavity above the tentoriumFills the cranial cavity above the tentorium
cerebellicerebelli
--RT & LT hemispheres are connected byRT & LT hemispheres are connected by<<<<
Corpus callosum , separated by medianCorpus callosum , separated by median
longitudinal fissurelongitudinal fissure
15. Cerebral cortexCerebral cortex
--Lateral sulcus ( sylvian fissureLateral sulcus ( sylvian fissure( <<( <<
Separates frontal & temporal lobesSeparates frontal & temporal lobes
--Central sulcus ( of ronaldo ) : passes upwards from theCentral sulcus ( of ronaldo ) : passes upwards from the
lateral sulcus to the superior border of the hemispherelateral sulcus to the superior border of the hemisphere
>> Separates frontal & parietal lobes>> Separates frontal & parietal lobes
--Parieto-occipital sulcusParieto-occipital sulcus<<<<
Separates parietal & occipital lobesSeparates parietal & occipital lobes
16.
17.
18.
19. ****N.BN.B..
--Cingulate gyrusCingulate gyrus<<<<
Extends posteriorly from the frontal lobe into theExtends posteriorly from the frontal lobe into the
parietal lobeparietal lobe
--Insula ( of ReilInsula ( of Reil( <<( <<
Is the cortex burried in the floor of the lateralIs the cortex burried in the floor of the lateral
sulcus & is crossed by branches of MCAsulcus & is crossed by branches of MCA
The parts of the frontal , parietal & temporal lobesThe parts of the frontal , parietal & temporal lobes
that overlie the insula >> operculumthat overlie the insula >> operculum
20. Cingulate Gyrus
Genu of corpus
callosum
Ethmoid
air cells
Oral cavity
Splenium of
Corpus
callosum
Fourth Ventricle
21.
22. White matter of the hemispheresWhite matter of the hemispheres
--33types of fiberstypes of fibers::
**Commisural fibers >> connect correspondingCommisural fibers >> connect corresponding
areas of the 2 hemispheresareas of the 2 hemispheres
**Association ( arcuate ) fibers >> connectAssociation ( arcuate ) fibers >> connect
different parts of the cortex of the samedifferent parts of the cortex of the same
hemispherehemisphere
**Projection fibers >> connect the cortex to lowerProjection fibers >> connect the cortex to lower
centerscenters
23. Commissural fibersCommissural fibers::
11--Corpus callosumCorpus callosum
Rostrum >> 1Rostrum >> 1stst
part which extends anteriorly frompart which extends anteriorly from
the ant. Commisurethe ant. Commisure
Genu >> most ant. PartGenu >> most ant. Part
Trunk ( body ) >> from genu ant. To spleniumTrunk ( body ) >> from genu ant. To splenium
postpost..
Splenium >> thickened post. partSplenium >> thickened post. part
24. ****N.BN.B..
--Fibers from the genu that arch forward to theFibers from the genu that arch forward to the
frontal cortex on each side >> forceps minorfrontal cortex on each side >> forceps minor
--Fibers from the splenium passing post. To eachFibers from the splenium passing post. To each
occipital cortex >> forceps majoroccipital cortex >> forceps major
--Fibers extending laterally from the body of theFibers extending laterally from the body of the
CC >> tapetum ( form part of the roof & lateralCC >> tapetum ( form part of the roof & lateral
wall of the lateral ventriclewall of the lateral ventricle((
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35. Projection fibersProjection fibers
--These fibers join the cerebral cortex to lowerThese fibers join the cerebral cortex to lower
centers >> internal capsulecenters >> internal capsule
--Ant. Limb between caudate & lentifomAnt. Limb between caudate & lentifom
--Post. Limb between thalamus & lentiformPost. Limb between thalamus & lentiform
--Both limbs meet at right angle >> genuBoth limbs meet at right angle >> genu
36.
37. Basal gangliaBasal ganglia
--Corpus striatum ( caudate & lentiformCorpus striatum ( caudate & lentiform((
--Amygdaloid bodyAmygdaloid body
--ClaustrumClaustrum
**Caudate nucleusCaudate nucleus::
--Head , body & tail , its long & thin tail ends in the amygdaloidHead , body & tail , its long & thin tail ends in the amygdaloid
nucleusnucleus
--Lies in the concavity of the lateral VLies in the concavity of the lateral V
--Its head projects in the floor of the ant. Horn & its body lies alongIts head projects in the floor of the ant. Horn & its body lies along
the body of the lat. V , its tail lies in the roof of the inferior hornthe body of the lat. V , its tail lies in the roof of the inferior horn
of this Vof this V
38. **LentiformLentiform::
--Made up of a larger lateral putamen & a smallerMade up of a larger lateral putamen & a smaller
medial globus pallidusmedial globus pallidus
--Separated from head of caudate ant. & from theSeparated from head of caudate ant. & from the
thalamus post. By the internal capsulethalamus post. By the internal capsule
--A thin layer of white matter on its lateral surfaceA thin layer of white matter on its lateral surface
>> external capsule>> external capsule
39. **ClaustrumClaustrum::
--Thin sheet of grey matter lies between theThin sheet of grey matter lies between the
putamen & the insulaputamen & the insula
--It is separated medially from the putamen by theIt is separated medially from the putamen by the
external capsule & bounded laterally by a thinexternal capsule & bounded laterally by a thin
sheet of white mattersheet of white matter
))the extreme capsule ) just deep to the insulathe extreme capsule ) just deep to the insula
40.
41. Thalamus , hypothalamus & pineal glandThalamus , hypothalamus & pineal gland
--The structures around the 3The structures around the 3rdrd
ventricle include : thalamus , hypothalamus &ventricle include : thalamus , hypothalamus &
pineal gland , together with the habenula these form the diencephalonpineal gland , together with the habenula these form the diencephalon
**ThalamusThalamus::
--RelationsRelations<<<<……
--The superior part of the thalamus forms part of the floor of the lateral VThe superior part of the thalamus forms part of the floor of the lateral V
--The thalamus is attached in 60 % of cases to the thalamus of the other side byThe thalamus is attached in 60 % of cases to the thalamus of the other side by
the interthalamic adhesions or massa intermediathe interthalamic adhesions or massa intermedia
--Medial & lateral swellings on the postero-inferior aspect of the thalamus areMedial & lateral swellings on the postero-inferior aspect of the thalamus are
called the geniculate bodies , the medial geniculate body is attached to the inf.called the geniculate bodies , the medial geniculate body is attached to the inf.
Colliculus & the lateral geniculate body is attached to sup. ColliculusColliculus & the lateral geniculate body is attached to sup. Colliculus
--Blood supply >> thalamo-striate branches of PCABlood supply >> thalamo-striate branches of PCA
42.
43. **HypothalamusHypothalamus::
--Forms the floor of the 3Forms the floor of the 3rdrd
VV
--It includesIt includes::
****Optic chiasmOptic chiasm
****Tuber cinereum >> a sheet of gray matter between the optic chiasm & theTuber cinereum >> a sheet of gray matter between the optic chiasm & the
mamillary bodiesmamillary bodies
****Infundibular stalk >> leading down to the post. Lobe of the pituitary glandInfundibular stalk >> leading down to the post. Lobe of the pituitary gland
****Mamillary bodies >> round masses in which the columns of the fornix ( vidaMamillary bodies >> round masses in which the columns of the fornix ( vida
infra ) endinfra ) end
****Post. Perforated substancePost. Perforated substance
--Blood supply >> branches of ACA , PCA & post. Communicating arteries ,Blood supply >> branches of ACA , PCA & post. Communicating arteries ,
drained by thalamo-striate veinsdrained by thalamo-striate veins
44.
45.
46.
47. **Pineal glandPineal gland::
--Lies between the post. Ends of the thalami & betweenLies between the post. Ends of the thalami & between
the splenium above & the sup. Colliculi belowthe splenium above & the sup. Colliculi below
--It is separated from the splenium by the cerebral veins , itIt is separated from the splenium by the cerebral veins , it
lies within 3 mm of the midlinelies within 3 mm of the midline
--The pineal stalk has superior & inferior laminae , the sup.The pineal stalk has superior & inferior laminae , the sup.
Is formed by the habenular commisure & the inf.Is formed by the habenular commisure & the inf.
Contains the post. Commisure , between these lamina isContains the post. Commisure , between these lamina is
the post. Recess of the 3the post. Recess of the 3rdrd
ventricleventricle
48.
49. A. Genu of the Corpus Callosum
B. Anterior Horn of the Lateral
Ventricle
C. Internal Capsule
D. Thalamus
E. Pineal Gland
F. Choroid Plexus
G. Straight Sinus
50. Pituitary gland ( hypophysis cerebriPituitary gland ( hypophysis cerebri((
--Site >> pituitary ( hypophyseal ) fossaSite >> pituitary ( hypophyseal ) fossa
--Measuring >> 12 mm in transverse diamMeasuring >> 12 mm in transverse diam..
88mm in AP diametermm in AP diameter
99mm in heightmm in height
51. --Formed ofFormed of::
**Infundibulum ( stalk ) >> the connection between the hypothalamus & post.Infundibulum ( stalk ) >> the connection between the hypothalamus & post.
pituitarypituitary
**Ant. LobeAnt. Lobe<<<<
--55times larger than the post. Lobetimes larger than the post. Lobe
--Developed from the rathkeDeveloped from the rathke’’s pouch in the roof of the primitve mouths pouch in the roof of the primitve mouth
--Craniopharyngioma is a tumor from the remnant of its epitheliumCraniopharyngioma is a tumor from the remnant of its epithelium
--Ant. Lobe is adherent to the post. Lobe by narrow zone called Pars intermedia ,Ant. Lobe is adherent to the post. Lobe by narrow zone called Pars intermedia ,
actually it is a part of the anterior lobeactually it is a part of the anterior lobe
**Post. LobePost. Lobe<<<<
--Much smaller than the ant. LobeMuch smaller than the ant. Lobe
--Developed from the nerve fibers whose cell bodies lie in the hypothalamusDeveloped from the nerve fibers whose cell bodies lie in the hypothalamus
52. --RelationsRelations::
**Above >> Diaphragma sella ( dura matterAbove >> Diaphragma sella ( dura matter((
&&above this the suprasellar cistern with optic chiasm anteriorly &above this the suprasellar cistern with optic chiasm anteriorly &
circle of williscircle of willis
**Below >> the body of sphenoid & sphenoid sinusBelow >> the body of sphenoid & sphenoid sinus
**Laterally >> Dura matterLaterally >> Dura matter
Cavernous sinus & its contentCavernous sinus & its content::
ICA ,, 3ICA ,, 3rdrd
, 4, 4thth
cranial nerves , ophthalmic division of 5cranial nerves , ophthalmic division of 5thth
cranialcranial
nerve & 6nerve & 6thth
cranial nervecranial nerve
----N.B. >> The cavernous sinuses are united by the intercavernousN.B. >> The cavernous sinuses are united by the intercavernous
sinuses which surround the pituitary gland ant. , post. & infsinuses which surround the pituitary gland ant. , post. & inf..
53. --Sella turicicaSella turicica::
**It is a superior saddle shaped formation on the intracranial aspect of the body ofIt is a superior saddle shaped formation on the intracranial aspect of the body of
sphenoid bone containing pituitary glandsphenoid bone containing pituitary gland
**Boundaries : ant. >> ant. Clinoid processBoundaries : ant. >> ant. Clinoid process
post. >> post. Clinoid processpost. >> post. Clinoid process
lat. >> cavernous sinuslat. >> cavernous sinus
**AnatomyAnatomy::
The seat of the saddle is known as the hypophyseal fossa, which holds theThe seat of the saddle is known as the hypophyseal fossa, which holds the
pituitary gland. The hypophyseal fossa is located in a depression in the bodypituitary gland. The hypophyseal fossa is located in a depression in the body
of the sphenoid bone. Located anteriorly to the hypophyseal fossa is theof the sphenoid bone. Located anteriorly to the hypophyseal fossa is the
tuberculum sellae ( optic foramen lies on either sides of ittuberculum sellae ( optic foramen lies on either sides of it((
Completing the formation of the saddle posteriorly is the dorsum sellae which isCompleting the formation of the saddle posteriorly is the dorsum sellae which is
continuous with the clivus, inferoposteriorly. The dorsum sellae is terminatedcontinuous with the clivus, inferoposteriorly. The dorsum sellae is terminated
laterally by the posterior clinoid processlaterally by the posterior clinoid process..
59. --Radiological featuresRadiological features::
11--Skull radiographySkull radiography<<<<
Lateral viewLateral view
22--CT & MRICT & MRI<<<<
**Best on sagittal & coronalBest on sagittal & coronal
**Post. Pituitary appears high signal intensity on unenhanced T1 WIsPost. Pituitary appears high signal intensity on unenhanced T1 WIs
**Dura above the sella must be horizontal not convexDura above the sella must be horizontal not convex
--Infundibulum diameter should be not bigger than the adjacent basilar arteryInfundibulum diameter should be not bigger than the adjacent basilar artery
**Sella itself is delineated bySella itself is delineated by::
Signal void of the bony cortexSignal void of the bony cortex
High intensity signal of marrow in the clivusHigh intensity signal of marrow in the clivus
**Optic nerves,chiasm & ICA vessels above & sphenoid sinus below seen clearlyOptic nerves,chiasm & ICA vessels above & sphenoid sinus below seen clearly
on coronal sectionson coronal sections
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65. Limbic lobeLimbic lobe
--This is not an anatomical lobe as such but functionally relatedThis is not an anatomical lobe as such but functionally related
structures that surrounds the corpus callosum on the medialstructures that surrounds the corpus callosum on the medial
surface of the cerebral hemispheresurface of the cerebral hemisphere
--It includesIt includes::
Cingulate gyrusCingulate gyrus
Splenial gyrusSplenial gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrusParahippocampal gyrus
HippocampusHippocampus
Dentate gyrusDentate gyrus
fornixfornix
66.
67. --The cingulate gyrus curves around the genu & body ofThe cingulate gyrus curves around the genu & body of
CC and continues around the splenium as splenial gyrusCC and continues around the splenium as splenial gyrus
>> this in turn is continuous with dentate gyrus &>> this in turn is continuous with dentate gyrus &
hippocampushippocampus
--Hippocampus >> is a curved elevation in the floor of theHippocampus >> is a curved elevation in the floor of the
inf. Horn of the lateral ventricleinf. Horn of the lateral ventricle
--Fornix >> is an efferent pathway from the hippocampusFornix >> is an efferent pathway from the hippocampus
to the mamillary bodiesto the mamillary bodies
68.
69. BrainstemBrainstem
--Connects the cerebral hemispheres to the spinalConnects the cerebral hemispheres to the spinal
cord , extends from just above the tentorialcord , extends from just above the tentorial
hiatus to just below the foramen magnumhiatus to just below the foramen magnum
--It is bounded ant. By the clivus-basisphenoidIt is bounded ant. By the clivus-basisphenoid
above & the basiocciput belowabove & the basiocciput below
--has three parts : midbrain , pons & medullahas three parts : midbrain , pons & medulla
70.
71. **MidbrainMidbrain::
--Anteriorly two cerebral peduncles are seen separated theAnteriorly two cerebral peduncles are seen separated the
interpeduncular fossainterpeduncular fossa
--The post. Surface of the midbrain presents four roundedThe post. Surface of the midbrain presents four rounded
prominences ( the corpora quadrigemina or the sup. &prominences ( the corpora quadrigemina or the sup. &
inf. Colliculiinf. Colliculi( ,( ,
each sup. Colliculus >> lateral geniculate body of theeach sup. Colliculus >> lateral geniculate body of the
optic tractoptic tract
Each inf. Colliculus >> medial geniculate body of theEach inf. Colliculus >> medial geniculate body of the
auditory systemauditory system
72. --Cerebral peduncles have a ventral part , the crusCerebral peduncles have a ventral part , the crus
cerebri and a dorsal part , the tegmentum , thesecerebri and a dorsal part , the tegmentum , these
are separated by the substantia nigraare separated by the substantia nigra
--The part of the midbrain posterior to theThe part of the midbrain posterior to the
aqueduct is called the tectum or quadrigeminalaqueduct is called the tectum or quadrigeminal
plateplate
--Cranial nerves >> 3Cranial nerves >> 3rdrd
& 4& 4thth
cranial nervescranial nerves
--Blood supply >> Sup. cerebellarBlood supply >> Sup. cerebellar
73.
74. **PonsPons::
--A shallow groove is seen in the midline , the basilar arteryA shallow groove is seen in the midline , the basilar artery
may lie in this groove , but often lies lateral to itmay lie in this groove , but often lies lateral to it
--The post. Surface of the pons forms the upper part ofThe post. Surface of the pons forms the upper part of
the floor of the 4the floor of the 4thth
ventricleventricle
--Cranial nerves >> 5Cranial nerves >> 5thth
& 6& 6thth
cranial nervescranial nerves
77thth
& 8& 8thth
cranial nerves emerges at the junction with thecranial nerves emerges at the junction with the
medulla laterally >> CPA ( cerebello-pontine anglemedulla laterally >> CPA ( cerebello-pontine angle((
--Blood supply >> pontine branches of the basilar ABlood supply >> pontine branches of the basilar A
75.
76. **Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata::
--Ant. The ventral median fissure is deep in its superior part , a ridgeAnt. The ventral median fissure is deep in its superior part , a ridge
on each side of this fissure is formed by the pyramidal fibers andon each side of this fissure is formed by the pyramidal fibers and
is called the pyramid , lateral to the pyramid in the upper medullais called the pyramid , lateral to the pyramid in the upper medulla
is an oval bulge called the olive , lateral to the olive lies the inf.is an oval bulge called the olive , lateral to the olive lies the inf.
Cerebellar peduncle joining the medulla to the cerebellumCerebellar peduncle joining the medulla to the cerebellum
--Post. The upper part of the medulla is open in the floor of the 4Post. The upper part of the medulla is open in the floor of the 4thth
ventricleventricle
--Cranial nerves >> 9Cranial nerves >> 9thth
, 10, 10thth
, 11, 11thth
& 12& 12thth
cranial nervescranial nerves
--blood supply >> ant. Part : vertebral & basilarblood supply >> ant. Part : vertebral & basilar
post. Part : PICApost. Part : PICA
77.
78. CerebellumCerebellum
--The cerebellum lies in the post. Fossa , it is separated from theThe cerebellum lies in the post. Fossa , it is separated from the
occipital lobe by the tentorium & from the the pons andoccipital lobe by the tentorium & from the the pons and
midbrain by the 4midbrain by the 4thth
VV
--It is connected to the brainstem by 3 pairs of cerebellar pedunclesIt is connected to the brainstem by 3 pairs of cerebellar peduncles::
Sup. Cerebellar peduncles to the midbrainSup. Cerebellar peduncles to the midbrain
Middle Cerebellar peduncles to the ponsMiddle Cerebellar peduncles to the pons
Inf. Cerebellar peduncles to the medullaInf. Cerebellar peduncles to the medulla
--There are 2 hemispheres with the midline vermis betweenThere are 2 hemispheres with the midline vermis between
79. --The hemispheres >> on each side below the middle cerebellarThe hemispheres >> on each side below the middle cerebellar
peduncle is the folliculus , the tonsils are the most ant. Inf. Partpeduncle is the folliculus , the tonsils are the most ant. Inf. Part
of the hemispheres and lie close to the midlineof the hemispheres and lie close to the midline
--The vermis >> is the narrow midline portion of the cerebllum ,The vermis >> is the narrow midline portion of the cerebllum ,
sup. There is a low median elevation not clearly separated fromsup. There is a low median elevation not clearly separated from
the hemispheres , however inf. The vermis is quite separate &the hemispheres , however inf. The vermis is quite separate &
lies in a deep cleft called the vallecula , the most ant. Part of thelies in a deep cleft called the vallecula , the most ant. Part of the
sup. Vermis is the lingula , which lies on the sup. Medullarysup. Vermis is the lingula , which lies on the sup. Medullary
vilumvilum
))a thin sheet of white matter between the sup. Cerebellar pedunclesa thin sheet of white matter between the sup. Cerebellar peduncles
) , the most ant. Part of the inf. Vermis is the nodule) , the most ant. Part of the inf. Vermis is the nodule
80. --SubdivisionsSubdivisions::
Ant. LobeAnt. Lobe
Post. LobePost. Lobe
Flocculonodular lobeFlocculonodular lobe
--Arterial supplyArterial supply::
PICA from the vertebralPICA from the vertebral
AICA from the basilarAICA from the basilar
Sup. Cerebellar arteries from basilar ASup. Cerebellar arteries from basilar A
--Venous drainageVenous drainage::
Precentral cerebellar vein & the sup. Vermian vein drain to the great cerebral veinPrecentral cerebellar vein & the sup. Vermian vein drain to the great cerebral vein
Remaining of the cerebellar vein >> nearby dural sinusesRemaining of the cerebellar vein >> nearby dural sinuses
))straight , transverse , inf. Petrosal , sigmoid & occipital sinusesstraight , transverse , inf. Petrosal , sigmoid & occipital sinuses((
N.B. >> the normal floculus enhances more than the rest of the cerebellum , shouldnotN.B. >> the normal floculus enhances more than the rest of the cerebellum , shouldnot
be mistaken for a more ant. Located acoustic neuromabe mistaken for a more ant. Located acoustic neuroma
81. A. Frontal Lobe
B. Frontal Bone )Superior
Surface of Orbital Part(
C. Dorsum Sellae
D. Basilar Artery
E. Temporal Lobe
F. Mastoid Air Cells
G. Cerebellar Hemisphere
82. A. Falx Cerebri
B. Frontal Lobe
C. Anterior Horn of
Lateral Ventricle
D. Third Ventricle
E. Quadrigeminal
Plate Cistern
F. Cerebellum
83. MeningesMeninges
--Three layers of meninges cover the brain & spinal cord >> dura ,Three layers of meninges cover the brain & spinal cord >> dura ,
arachnoid & piaarachnoid & pia
**Dura materDura mater::
--Two layers , outer layer which is the periosteum of the inner aspectTwo layers , outer layer which is the periosteum of the inner aspect
of the skull , the inner layer is the dura mater properof the skull , the inner layer is the dura mater proper
--Falx cerebri >> sickle-shaped dural septum in the median sagittalFalx cerebri >> sickle-shaped dural septum in the median sagittal
plane attached to the crista galli in the midline of the floor of theplane attached to the crista galli in the midline of the floor of the
ant. Cranial fossa & along the midline of the inner aspect of theant. Cranial fossa & along the midline of the inner aspect of the
vault of the skull to the margins of the SSSvault of the skull to the margins of the SSS
84. --Diaphragma sellae >> is a horizontal fold of dura thatDiaphragma sellae >> is a horizontal fold of dura that
almost completely covers the pituitary fossa , with aalmost completely covers the pituitary fossa , with a
small opening for the pituitary stalksmall opening for the pituitary stalk
--Tentorium cerebelli >> is a horizontal septum of duraTentorium cerebelli >> is a horizontal septum of dura
mater that separates the occipital lobes from themater that separates the occipital lobes from the
superior surface of the cerebellumsuperior surface of the cerebellum
--Falx cerebelli >> is a low elevation of dura that projectsFalx cerebelli >> is a low elevation of dura that projects
a small distance into the cerebellar interhemispherica small distance into the cerebellar interhemispheric
fissurefissure
85. **Arachnoid materArachnoid mater::
--Delicate membrane which is impermeable to CSF , itDelicate membrane which is impermeable to CSF , it
lines the dura matter separated from it only by a thinlines the dura matter separated from it only by a thin
layer of lymph in the subdural ( potential spacelayer of lymph in the subdural ( potential space((
--It is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoidIt is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid
space , which contains the CSFspace , which contains the CSF
--Arachnoid mater herniates through holes in the dura intoArachnoid mater herniates through holes in the dura into
the venous sinuses & venous lakes as arachnoid villi >>the venous sinuses & venous lakes as arachnoid villi >>
CSF absorptionCSF absorption
86. **Pia materPia mater::
--Closely adherent to the brain surfaceClosely adherent to the brain surface
--It invaginates with with the choroid vessels intoIt invaginates with with the choroid vessels into
the ventricles , & the layer of pia mater &the ventricles , & the layer of pia mater &
ependyma together thus formed over theseependyma together thus formed over these
vessels is called >> tela choroidea of thevessels is called >> tela choroidea of the
ventriclesventricles
87.
88. --Arterial supply of the meningesArterial supply of the meninges::
**MMA ( middle meningeal arteryMMA ( middle meningeal artery((
branch of the maxillary artery that enters the the cranium through foramenbranch of the maxillary artery that enters the the cranium through foramen
spinosum , it passes laterally in the floor of the middle cranial fossa , thenspinosum , it passes laterally in the floor of the middle cranial fossa , then
superiorly & anteriorly along the greater wing of sphenoid , where it dividessuperiorly & anteriorly along the greater wing of sphenoid , where it divides
into ant. & post. Branchesinto ant. & post. Branches
**Additional supplyAdditional supply<<<<
--Ant. Cranial fossa : meningeal branches of ophthalmic & ant. & post. EthmoidAnt. Cranial fossa : meningeal branches of ophthalmic & ant. & post. Ethmoid
arteriesarteries
--Cavernous sinus : meningeal branches of carotid artery & the accessoryCavernous sinus : meningeal branches of carotid artery & the accessory
meningeal arterymeningeal artery
--Post. Fossa : meningeal branches of vertebral arteryPost. Fossa : meningeal branches of vertebral artery
--Nerve supply : 5Nerve supply : 5thth
, 9, 9thth
& 10& 10thth
cranial nerves , with the dura around the foramencranial nerves , with the dura around the foramen
magnum being innervated by C1-3 nervesmagnum being innervated by C1-3 nerves
89.
90. --Radiological featuresRadiological features::
**Extradural hematomaExtradural hematoma
--Occurs when a vessel in the extradural space between dura and bone is torn byOccurs when a vessel in the extradural space between dura and bone is torn by
trauma >> MMAtrauma >> MMA
**Subdural hematomaSubdural hematoma
--Also due to traumatic bleed in space between dura & arachnoid >> bridgingAlso due to traumatic bleed in space between dura & arachnoid >> bridging
veinsveins
--Subdural hematoma can extend into interhemispheric fissure & root of sylvianSubdural hematoma can extend into interhemispheric fissure & root of sylvian
fissure on the brain surfacefissure on the brain surface
**Subarachnoid hemorrhageSubarachnoid hemorrhage
--In the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid & pia mater fromIn the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid & pia mater from
spontaneous or traumatic rupture of an arteryspontaneous or traumatic rupture of an artery
--Subarachnoid blood can then be seen in the cisterns & extending into sulci &Subarachnoid blood can then be seen in the cisterns & extending into sulci &
fissures on the brain surface close to the site of bleedingfissures on the brain surface close to the site of bleeding
91.
92.
93.
94. **Skull radiographSkull radiograph::
--Dural calcification is common in older subjectsDural calcification is common in older subjects
--Calcification of falx cerebri or of the tentorium can be seen in OF or FO viewsCalcification of falx cerebri or of the tentorium can be seen in OF or FO views
**CT & MRICT & MRI::
--Above the level of the petrous temporal bone the cerebral hemispheres areAbove the level of the petrous temporal bone the cerebral hemispheres are
separated from the cerebellum by the tentoriumseparated from the cerebellum by the tentorium
--Best seen on contrast enhanced scans as it contains blood vesselsBest seen on contrast enhanced scans as it contains blood vessels
--The tentorium is seen as high attenuation linear structure extending laterallyThe tentorium is seen as high attenuation linear structure extending laterally
from the midbrain to the inner table of the skullfrom the midbrain to the inner table of the skull
--The falx ccerebri is seen on higher cuts ant. & post. Extending into theThe falx ccerebri is seen on higher cuts ant. & post. Extending into the
interhemispheric fissure almost to the corpus callosuminterhemispheric fissure almost to the corpus callosum