Bony fish
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Osteichthyes are bony fish that have skeletons made of bone, scales, gills, and lungs or a swim bladder. They are the largest class of vertebrates and include ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish. Osteichthyes have an exoskeleton and move through the water using rhythmic contractions of muscle bands. They have various organ systems for digestion, respiration, circulation, senses, reproduction, and regulating their internal environment.
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Fish swim
Fish swim using undulations of their body and fins. They have a network of muscles that contract and relax to create waves that travel down the body and propel the fish forward. Fins provide control, thrust, lift, and drag. Forces acting on the fish include thrust from parts of the body pushing against water and lift and drag forces. Fish also generate lift using their swim bladder by inflating or deflating it with oxygen to control buoyancy. Forces resisting the fish's movement include frictional, pressure, and form drag.
Bony fish powerpoint
The document summarizes key characteristics of bony fishes. It describes that bony fishes have over 27,000 species, an endoskeleton of true bone, and are found in all marine habitats. It then outlines some of the major types of bony fishes including lobe-finned fish and ray-finned fish. Mobility, buoyancy, gas exchange, senses, reproduction and protection mechanisms are also summarized.
Fish locomotion Notes
There are several forms of fish locomotion. The most common is carangiform locomotion, where fish sweep their caudal fin from side to side to move forward. Angulliform locomotion is used by fish with eel-like bodies, who send waves along their body length to push against water and propel themselves. Some stiff-bodied fish use ostraciform locomotion, wiggling their fins slowly. A few fish use labriform locomotion, paddling with pectoral fins. Ballistiform locomotion involves sending waves along fins like the anal fin, allowing knifefish to swim backward by reversing wave direction.
Swim bladder
The document discusses the swim bladder, or air bladder, of fish. It is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to a fish's ability to control buoyancy. There are two types - physostomous, which is directly connected to the digestive tract, and physoclistous, which is not connected. The basic structure includes a sac-like shape with two layers, an epidermis and endodermis. The swim bladder varies in shape and size between fish species and allows fish to rise and sink in water by increasing or decreasing the volume of gas inside without changing mass. Its key functions are to act as a hydrostatic organ, adjustable float, aid in respiration, produce sound, and maintain the fish's
Digestive system of fish
The document discusses the digestive system of fish. It covers the main components and processes of the fish digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines and anus. It describes the different feeding mechanisms used by fish such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, and others. It also discusses the enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. In summary:
1) The digestive system of fish breaks down food through a series of organs from the mouth to the anus.
2) Fish use various feeding mechanisms to ingest food depending on their anatomy and food sources.
3) Digestion involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates,
AIR BLADDER-FUNCTIONS.pptx
Fish has a air bladder system ,its a sac containing gas especially air .it provide buoyancy to the fish and help them to stay and swim in water current swimming. It include air bladder and its function and also focus to weberian ossicles and its function.
Classification of fishes
Classification of Fishes can be summarized as follows:
1. Fishes are classified based on their anatomical features and placed in a systematic hierarchy ranging from superclass to species. Some key groups include chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes like sharks), osteichthyes (bony fishes), actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) and sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes).
2. Important historical schemes for classifying fishes were proposed by scientists such as Berg in 1940, who grouped fishes based on characteristics like jaw structure, fin morphology, scale type and vertebral structure.
3. Major fish groups discussed in
Respiration in Fish
In aquatic animals such as fish respiration takes place through special respiratory organs called gills, however lung fish respiration takes place through lungs. Gills are present on both the sides of the head of fish. The gills are covered by gill covers also called operculum. When the fish open its mouth, water is drawn into the buccal cavity and passed through the gills. The gills contain special type of cells that absorb the oxygen present in water. The absorbed oxygen is then supplied to all the cells of body through blood. In the cells, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide and returned back to gills through blood. Ultimately, the gills release the carbon dioxide in water passing through them.
Respiration in Fish
The gills of fish are very efficient; it is estimated gills can extract about 80% oxygen dissolved in water. In addition to the respiratory organs, the gills have an important role in maintaining the right balance of salts in the body.
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Fish swim
Fish swim using undulations of their body and fins. They have a network of muscles that contract and relax to create waves that travel down the body and propel the fish forward. Fins provide control, thrust, lift, and drag. Forces acting on the fish include thrust from parts of the body pushing against water and lift and drag forces. Fish also generate lift using their swim bladder by inflating or deflating it with oxygen to control buoyancy. Forces resisting the fish's movement include frictional, pressure, and form drag.
Bony fish powerpoint
The document summarizes key characteristics of bony fishes. It describes that bony fishes have over 27,000 species, an endoskeleton of true bone, and are found in all marine habitats. It then outlines some of the major types of bony fishes including lobe-finned fish and ray-finned fish. Mobility, buoyancy, gas exchange, senses, reproduction and protection mechanisms are also summarized.
Fish locomotion Notes
There are several forms of fish locomotion. The most common is carangiform locomotion, where fish sweep their caudal fin from side to side to move forward. Angulliform locomotion is used by fish with eel-like bodies, who send waves along their body length to push against water and propel themselves. Some stiff-bodied fish use ostraciform locomotion, wiggling their fins slowly. A few fish use labriform locomotion, paddling with pectoral fins. Ballistiform locomotion involves sending waves along fins like the anal fin, allowing knifefish to swim backward by reversing wave direction.
Swim bladder
The document discusses the swim bladder, or air bladder, of fish. It is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to a fish's ability to control buoyancy. There are two types - physostomous, which is directly connected to the digestive tract, and physoclistous, which is not connected. The basic structure includes a sac-like shape with two layers, an epidermis and endodermis. The swim bladder varies in shape and size between fish species and allows fish to rise and sink in water by increasing or decreasing the volume of gas inside without changing mass. Its key functions are to act as a hydrostatic organ, adjustable float, aid in respiration, produce sound, and maintain the fish's
Digestive system of fish
The document discusses the digestive system of fish. It covers the main components and processes of the fish digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines and anus. It describes the different feeding mechanisms used by fish such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, and others. It also discusses the enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. In summary:
1) The digestive system of fish breaks down food through a series of organs from the mouth to the anus.
2) Fish use various feeding mechanisms to ingest food depending on their anatomy and food sources.
3) Digestion involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates,
AIR BLADDER-FUNCTIONS.pptx
Fish has a air bladder system ,its a sac containing gas especially air .it provide buoyancy to the fish and help them to stay and swim in water current swimming. It include air bladder and its function and also focus to weberian ossicles and its function.
Classification of fishes
Classification of Fishes can be summarized as follows:
1. Fishes are classified based on their anatomical features and placed in a systematic hierarchy ranging from superclass to species. Some key groups include chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes like sharks), osteichthyes (bony fishes), actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) and sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes).
2. Important historical schemes for classifying fishes were proposed by scientists such as Berg in 1940, who grouped fishes based on characteristics like jaw structure, fin morphology, scale type and vertebral structure.
3. Major fish groups discussed in
Respiration in Fish
In aquatic animals such as fish respiration takes place through special respiratory organs called gills, however lung fish respiration takes place through lungs. Gills are present on both the sides of the head of fish. The gills are covered by gill covers also called operculum. When the fish open its mouth, water is drawn into the buccal cavity and passed through the gills. The gills contain special type of cells that absorb the oxygen present in water. The absorbed oxygen is then supplied to all the cells of body through blood. In the cells, oxygen is converted into carbon dioxide and returned back to gills through blood. Ultimately, the gills release the carbon dioxide in water passing through them.
Respiration in Fish
The gills of fish are very efficient; it is estimated gills can extract about 80% oxygen dissolved in water. In addition to the respiratory organs, the gills have an important role in maintaining the right balance of salts in the body.
Poisonous glands of fishes
Poisonous glands are specialized glands found in some fish and amphibians that secrete a venomous or poisonous mucus. These glands occur in the skin of cartilaginous fish or are associated with spines and fins of bony fish. The glands use a holocrine secretion method to release their toxic venom, which functions as a protective device and kills bacteria on bottom-dwelling fish. Some poisonous fish include porcupinefish, boxfish, and goatfish, while venomous fish like stingrays, catfish, stonefish, and butterfly cod have venom glands associated with their spines that can inflict painful wounds.
Monoculture (aquaculture)
This document provides information on monoculture fish farming techniques used in India. It discusses how monoculture farming involves raising only one type of fish species in a pond. It notes that monoculture allows for easy monitoring of fish performance but can lead to issues like water quality degradation. The document also outlines the steps involved in monoculture fish farming, including construction of ponds, breeding fish, and transferring fry and fingerlings between ponds. It provides details on suitable fish species used in Indian monoculture like various carp species.
Origin and evolution of ostracoderms
Ostracoderms were early jawless vertebrates that lived from the Cambrian to the late Devonian period. They were covered in bony plates and resembled modern hagfish and lampreys. While some evidence suggests they lived in freshwater, their habitat is still debated. Later in the Devonian, jawed fish evolved from ostracoderms and outcompeted them, contributing to their extinction by the end of the period. Ostracoderms were divided into two main groups and played an important role in the early evolution of vertebrates.
ORDER :- CYPRINIFORMES
This document provides information on taxonomies of commercially important fish belonging to the order Cypriniformes. It begins by describing the order Cypriniformes, which contains over 3000 species of freshwater fish divided among characins, electric eels, and carps. It then lists the main families in this order including Cyprinidae, which is the largest family containing carps and minnows. The document proceeds to provide more detailed information on taxonomy and characteristics of several commercially important species within the family Cyprinidae, including the rohu, catla, common carp, grass carp, and mrigal carp.
Inteugmentary system of fishes
The document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the integumentary system of fish. It describes the main layers of fish skin as the cuticle, epidermis, basement membrane, dermis, and hypodermis. It provides details on the cell types found in the epidermis including Malpighian cells, mucous cells, club cells, and pigment cells. It also discusses scales, embedded in the dermis, which provide protection. The dermis contains collagen fibers and pigment cells like melanophores, xanthophores, and iridophores. Fins are described as large folds of skin with special bone support.
Crustacean powerpoint
Crustaceans are a large phylum of arthropods including crabs, shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, copepods and krill. They mostly live in water and have a body divided into two parts - a fused head and thorax called the cephalothorax, and an abdomen. They have many specialized jointed appendages including walking legs, swimming legs, and feeding appendages. Crustaceans have a variety of feeding methods from predation to filter feeding. They reproduce sexually with external fertilization and females carry eggs until hatching.
Comp.ana. ostracoderms,acanthodians,placoderms
The document describes several groups of ancient jawed and jawless fishes:
- Ostracoderms were the oldest known craniates, dating back to the Ordovician and lacking jaws and paired fins.
- Acanthodians were early jawed fishes with cartilaginous skeletons and bony scales or spines.
- Placoderms were the first armored fishes with true jaws, some reaching large sizes. They are divided into orders including Arthrodira with jointed armor, Antiarchi with enclosed pectoral fins, and Petalichthyida typified by splayed fins.
Migration of fishes ppt
This document discusses the migration of fish species. It defines fish migration as the seasonal movement of large numbers of fish belonging to a species from one area to another in search of food or for breeding. It then describes different types of migration including for feeding (alimentary) and reproduction (gametic). The periodicity, methods, and patterns of migration are explained for various fish species. The causes of migration and influencing factors are outlined. Finally, advantages of migration are presented such as accessing abundant food sources and enhancing offspring survival.
Gnathostomata
Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments – known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes – in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
Presentation on aquatic mammals
The document discusses the aquatic adaptation of mammals. It acknowledges those who helped with the seminar topic. The contents include introduction, adaptation of aquatic mammals, modification and loss of original structures, development of new structures, types of aquatic mammals, and conclusion. It describes various anatomical modifications that aquatic mammals undergo, such as streamlined bodies, flippers, valvular nostrils, large lungs, blubber, and tail flukes to adapt to aquatic living.
Reproductive strategies in fishes
This document summarizes different reproductive strategies in fishes. It discusses that most fishes are oviparous and lay eggs externally. For marine fishes, the majority have pelagic eggs that float, while demersal eggs that sink are more common in freshwater. Some fishes are ovoviviparous or viviparous with internal fertilization. Different forms of parental care among fishes are also outlined, including by the male, female or both parents. Alternative reproductive strategies discussed include hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis, and natural polyploids and hybrids.
Marine fisheries
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.
Adaptive radiation in reptiles copy
This document discusses adaptive radiation in reptiles. It defines adaptive radiation as the diversification of a single ancestor into an array of species occupying different ecological niches. Reptiles underwent adaptive radiation, evolving from ancestral reptiles into terrestrial herbivores and carnivores, burrowing reptiles, aquatic reptiles, and flying reptiles. Specific examples discussed include the adaptive radiation of turtles, Caribbean anoles lizards, pygopodid lizards, and crocodilians. Adaptive radiation is driven by the availability of new resources and ecological niches following mass extinction events or the evolution of new traits that allow entry into new environments.
Alimentary canal and feeding adaptations in fishes by nusrit
The document discusses the alimentary canal and feeding adaptations in fishes, describing the different regions and structures of the canal from mouth to rectum and how they vary based on a fish's feeding habits, such as differences in teeth, gill rakers, stomach, and intestinal length between carnivorous, herbivorous, and omnivorous fish. It also covers the digestive glands and enzymes involved in digestion as well as various adaptations that have evolved in fishes' structures to suit their natural diets.
Aquatic adaptations
Introduction:
Adaptation to environment is one of the basic characteristics of the living organisms. Living organisms are plastic and posses the inherent properties to respond to a particular environment.
It is a facet of evolution and involve structural diversities amongst living organisms that are heritable. Organisms exhibit numerous structural and functional adaptations that help them to survive as species and to overcome the tremendous competition in nature.
All classes of vertebrates have their representatives leading to partial or total aquatic life.
Water is a homogenous medium for animals.
As a medium, it is heavy in concentration than air.
Stable gaseous and osmotic concentration in a specific region.
Temperature fluctuation is minimum for a particular region.
Water bodies generally have very rich food resources.
Characters of an Aquatic Animal:
An aquatic animal should have the ability to swim to overcome the resistance of the surrounding medium.
Therefore, it should have a streamlined body with an organ or ability to float.
The animal should also have to overcome the problem of osmoregulation.
There are two types of animals living in the present day water, which have undergone aquatic adaptation.
According to their origin, they are primary and secondary aquatic animals.
Adaptations to water habitat are of two types:
Primary aquatic adaptations which includes primitive gill-breathing vertebrates (fishes); Those animals, whose ancestors and themselves are living in the water from the very beginning of their evolution, are called primary aquatic animals. In other words, primary aquatic animals never had a terrestrial ancestry. They exhibit perfect aquatic adaptations. All fishes are primary aquatic animals.
Secondary aquatic adaptations which are acquired as in reptiles, birds and mammals. Those animals whose ancestors were lung breathing land animals, migrated to the water for some reason and ultimately got adapted to live in aquatic habitat, are called secondary aquatic animals. Some of them live partially while others live totally in the water. All aquatic reptiles, aves and mammals are representatives of secondary aquatic animals. Amphibians are in a transitional form between primary and secondary aquatic life.
Sensory adaptations like, electroreception for electrolocation and electro communication, olfaction (vomeronasal system), balance (spatial orientation, movement perception), vision (cornea curvature, retinal topography), and hearing (acoustics, ear anatomy) under the underwater sound reception mechanisms in various aquatic amniotes are well developed.
History of fish notes
Fish first appeared around 425-500 million years ago, with the earliest fossils coming from an Ostracoderm. Ostracoderms lacked jaws and fins but were the first vertebrates. They eventually went extinct, giving rise to two groups - Placoderms and Acanthodians. Placoderms had thick bony plates and jaws fused to their skulls while Acanthodians evolved movable jaws and later became bony fish.
DEEP SEA FISHES(Girja Pd.Patel).pptx
Deep sea fishes have developed many adaptations to survive in their low-light, high-pressure environment. They have large mouths and powerful teeth to eat scarce food. Their bodies are small and lightweight to withstand pressure, and they have weak skeletons due to cold temperatures. Senses like lateral lines and mucus secretions help navigate in darkness. Eyes are reduced or absent, but sensory organs are enhanced. Unique colors provide camouflage in the deep.
Excretory system of fishes
The document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the excretory system in fish. It describes the key parts of the system - the kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder. It discusses the structure and functions of the different regions of the kidney, including the head kidney which is hematopoietic and endocrine, and the trunk kidney which is excretory. It also describes the histology of the nephrons, ureters, and other tissues like the corpuscles of Stannius. Overall, the document provides a detailed overview of the excretory system and kidney structure-function relationships in fish.
Swim bladder general organization and circulation and function
The document summarizes the general organization, circulation, types, gas secreting complex, and functions of the swim bladder in fish. It notes that the swim bladder contains gas and develops from the gut wall. Blood supply comes directly from arteries or the coeliaco-mesenteric artery. Depending on connections to the esophagus, swim bladders are either physostomous or physoclistous types. The anterior part secretes gas while the posterior part absorbs gas. Main functions include respiration, sound production, hearing, pressure sensing, and providing buoyancy.
Fish disease ( Fungal ,Bacterial , Viral )
1. The document discusses several diseases that affect fish: velvet disease caused by Oodinium parasites; Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria which can cause dropsy; Columnaris disease caused by Flexibacter columnaris bacteria; and Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome caused by the Aphanomyces invadans fungus.
2. It provides details on the etiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of each disease. Velvet disease presents as a gold/rust colored film on fish and is highly contagious. Dropsy results in fluid buildup and is usually caused by Aeromonas bacteria infecting immune-compromised fish. Columnaris causes gray lesions by the dorsal fin. Epizootic Ul
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Properties of sea water
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
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Poisonous glands of fishes
Poisonous glands are specialized glands found in some fish and amphibians that secrete a venomous or poisonous mucus. These glands occur in the skin of cartilaginous fish or are associated with spines and fins of bony fish. The glands use a holocrine secretion method to release their toxic venom, which functions as a protective device and kills bacteria on bottom-dwelling fish. Some poisonous fish include porcupinefish, boxfish, and goatfish, while venomous fish like stingrays, catfish, stonefish, and butterfly cod have venom glands associated with their spines that can inflict painful wounds.
Monoculture (aquaculture)
This document provides information on monoculture fish farming techniques used in India. It discusses how monoculture farming involves raising only one type of fish species in a pond. It notes that monoculture allows for easy monitoring of fish performance but can lead to issues like water quality degradation. The document also outlines the steps involved in monoculture fish farming, including construction of ponds, breeding fish, and transferring fry and fingerlings between ponds. It provides details on suitable fish species used in Indian monoculture like various carp species.
Origin and evolution of ostracoderms
Ostracoderms were early jawless vertebrates that lived from the Cambrian to the late Devonian period. They were covered in bony plates and resembled modern hagfish and lampreys. While some evidence suggests they lived in freshwater, their habitat is still debated. Later in the Devonian, jawed fish evolved from ostracoderms and outcompeted them, contributing to their extinction by the end of the period. Ostracoderms were divided into two main groups and played an important role in the early evolution of vertebrates.
ORDER :- CYPRINIFORMES
This document provides information on taxonomies of commercially important fish belonging to the order Cypriniformes. It begins by describing the order Cypriniformes, which contains over 3000 species of freshwater fish divided among characins, electric eels, and carps. It then lists the main families in this order including Cyprinidae, which is the largest family containing carps and minnows. The document proceeds to provide more detailed information on taxonomy and characteristics of several commercially important species within the family Cyprinidae, including the rohu, catla, common carp, grass carp, and mrigal carp.
Inteugmentary system of fishes
The document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the integumentary system of fish. It describes the main layers of fish skin as the cuticle, epidermis, basement membrane, dermis, and hypodermis. It provides details on the cell types found in the epidermis including Malpighian cells, mucous cells, club cells, and pigment cells. It also discusses scales, embedded in the dermis, which provide protection. The dermis contains collagen fibers and pigment cells like melanophores, xanthophores, and iridophores. Fins are described as large folds of skin with special bone support.
Crustacean powerpoint
Crustaceans are a large phylum of arthropods including crabs, shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, copepods and krill. They mostly live in water and have a body divided into two parts - a fused head and thorax called the cephalothorax, and an abdomen. They have many specialized jointed appendages including walking legs, swimming legs, and feeding appendages. Crustaceans have a variety of feeding methods from predation to filter feeding. They reproduce sexually with external fertilization and females carry eggs until hatching.
Comp.ana. ostracoderms,acanthodians,placoderms
The document describes several groups of ancient jawed and jawless fishes:
- Ostracoderms were the oldest known craniates, dating back to the Ordovician and lacking jaws and paired fins.
- Acanthodians were early jawed fishes with cartilaginous skeletons and bony scales or spines.
- Placoderms were the first armored fishes with true jaws, some reaching large sizes. They are divided into orders including Arthrodira with jointed armor, Antiarchi with enclosed pectoral fins, and Petalichthyida typified by splayed fins.
Migration of fishes ppt
This document discusses the migration of fish species. It defines fish migration as the seasonal movement of large numbers of fish belonging to a species from one area to another in search of food or for breeding. It then describes different types of migration including for feeding (alimentary) and reproduction (gametic). The periodicity, methods, and patterns of migration are explained for various fish species. The causes of migration and influencing factors are outlined. Finally, advantages of migration are presented such as accessing abundant food sources and enhancing offspring survival.
Gnathostomata
Introduction
Gnathostomata are the jawed vertebrates. (gnathos= "jaw" + (stoma)="mouth".
It comprises roughly 60,000 species. (99% of all living vertebrates).
Living gnathostomes have teeth, and paired appendages.
A horizontal semicircular canal is present in the inner ear.
Myelin sheaths is present on the neurons.
Adaptive immune system uses V(D) J recombination ( it is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. VDJ recombination is the process by which T cells and B cells randomly assemble different gene segments – known as variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) genes – in order to generate unique receptors (known as antigen receptors) that can collectively recognize many different types of molecule. While Agnatha (petromyzon and hagfish) use genetic recombination in the variable lymphocyte receptor gene.
It is now assumed that Gnathostomata evolved from ancestors that already possessed a pair of both pectoral and pelvic fins.
In addition to this, some placoderms were shown to have a third pair of paired appendages, that had been modified to claspers in males and basal plates in females—a pattern not seen in any other vertebrate group.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively – the buccal pump mechanism.
Presence of Calcified, bony skull and vertebra are the characteristic features of Gnathostomata (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).
Pelvic fins are situated just in front of the anus.
Interventrals and basiventrals present in the backbone. These are the elements of the backbone which lie under the notochord, and match the basidorsals and interdorsals respectively.
Gill arches which lie internally to the gills and branchial blood vessels, contrary to the gill arches of all jawless craniates, which are external to the gills and blood vessels.
A horizontal semicircular canal in the inner ear.
Paired nasal sacs which are independent from the hypophysial tube.
There are numerous other characteristics of the soft anatomy and physiology (e.g. myelinated nerve fibres, sperms passing through urinary ducts, etc.), which are unique to the gnathostomes among extant craniates, but cannot by observed in fossils.
Presentation on aquatic mammals
The document discusses the aquatic adaptation of mammals. It acknowledges those who helped with the seminar topic. The contents include introduction, adaptation of aquatic mammals, modification and loss of original structures, development of new structures, types of aquatic mammals, and conclusion. It describes various anatomical modifications that aquatic mammals undergo, such as streamlined bodies, flippers, valvular nostrils, large lungs, blubber, and tail flukes to adapt to aquatic living.
Reproductive strategies in fishes
This document summarizes different reproductive strategies in fishes. It discusses that most fishes are oviparous and lay eggs externally. For marine fishes, the majority have pelagic eggs that float, while demersal eggs that sink are more common in freshwater. Some fishes are ovoviviparous or viviparous with internal fertilization. Different forms of parental care among fishes are also outlined, including by the male, female or both parents. Alternative reproductive strategies discussed include hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis, and natural polyploids and hybrids.
Marine fisheries
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.
Adaptive radiation in reptiles copy
This document discusses adaptive radiation in reptiles. It defines adaptive radiation as the diversification of a single ancestor into an array of species occupying different ecological niches. Reptiles underwent adaptive radiation, evolving from ancestral reptiles into terrestrial herbivores and carnivores, burrowing reptiles, aquatic reptiles, and flying reptiles. Specific examples discussed include the adaptive radiation of turtles, Caribbean anoles lizards, pygopodid lizards, and crocodilians. Adaptive radiation is driven by the availability of new resources and ecological niches following mass extinction events or the evolution of new traits that allow entry into new environments.
Alimentary canal and feeding adaptations in fishes by nusrit
The document discusses the alimentary canal and feeding adaptations in fishes, describing the different regions and structures of the canal from mouth to rectum and how they vary based on a fish's feeding habits, such as differences in teeth, gill rakers, stomach, and intestinal length between carnivorous, herbivorous, and omnivorous fish. It also covers the digestive glands and enzymes involved in digestion as well as various adaptations that have evolved in fishes' structures to suit their natural diets.
Aquatic adaptations
Introduction:
Adaptation to environment is one of the basic characteristics of the living organisms. Living organisms are plastic and posses the inherent properties to respond to a particular environment.
It is a facet of evolution and involve structural diversities amongst living organisms that are heritable. Organisms exhibit numerous structural and functional adaptations that help them to survive as species and to overcome the tremendous competition in nature.
All classes of vertebrates have their representatives leading to partial or total aquatic life.
Water is a homogenous medium for animals.
As a medium, it is heavy in concentration than air.
Stable gaseous and osmotic concentration in a specific region.
Temperature fluctuation is minimum for a particular region.
Water bodies generally have very rich food resources.
Characters of an Aquatic Animal:
An aquatic animal should have the ability to swim to overcome the resistance of the surrounding medium.
Therefore, it should have a streamlined body with an organ or ability to float.
The animal should also have to overcome the problem of osmoregulation.
There are two types of animals living in the present day water, which have undergone aquatic adaptation.
According to their origin, they are primary and secondary aquatic animals.
Adaptations to water habitat are of two types:
Primary aquatic adaptations which includes primitive gill-breathing vertebrates (fishes); Those animals, whose ancestors and themselves are living in the water from the very beginning of their evolution, are called primary aquatic animals. In other words, primary aquatic animals never had a terrestrial ancestry. They exhibit perfect aquatic adaptations. All fishes are primary aquatic animals.
Secondary aquatic adaptations which are acquired as in reptiles, birds and mammals. Those animals whose ancestors were lung breathing land animals, migrated to the water for some reason and ultimately got adapted to live in aquatic habitat, are called secondary aquatic animals. Some of them live partially while others live totally in the water. All aquatic reptiles, aves and mammals are representatives of secondary aquatic animals. Amphibians are in a transitional form between primary and secondary aquatic life.
Sensory adaptations like, electroreception for electrolocation and electro communication, olfaction (vomeronasal system), balance (spatial orientation, movement perception), vision (cornea curvature, retinal topography), and hearing (acoustics, ear anatomy) under the underwater sound reception mechanisms in various aquatic amniotes are well developed.
History of fish notes
Fish first appeared around 425-500 million years ago, with the earliest fossils coming from an Ostracoderm. Ostracoderms lacked jaws and fins but were the first vertebrates. They eventually went extinct, giving rise to two groups - Placoderms and Acanthodians. Placoderms had thick bony plates and jaws fused to their skulls while Acanthodians evolved movable jaws and later became bony fish.
DEEP SEA FISHES(Girja Pd.Patel).pptx
Deep sea fishes have developed many adaptations to survive in their low-light, high-pressure environment. They have large mouths and powerful teeth to eat scarce food. Their bodies are small and lightweight to withstand pressure, and they have weak skeletons due to cold temperatures. Senses like lateral lines and mucus secretions help navigate in darkness. Eyes are reduced or absent, but sensory organs are enhanced. Unique colors provide camouflage in the deep.
Excretory system of fishes
The document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the excretory system in fish. It describes the key parts of the system - the kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder. It discusses the structure and functions of the different regions of the kidney, including the head kidney which is hematopoietic and endocrine, and the trunk kidney which is excretory. It also describes the histology of the nephrons, ureters, and other tissues like the corpuscles of Stannius. Overall, the document provides a detailed overview of the excretory system and kidney structure-function relationships in fish.
Swim bladder general organization and circulation and function
The document summarizes the general organization, circulation, types, gas secreting complex, and functions of the swim bladder in fish. It notes that the swim bladder contains gas and develops from the gut wall. Blood supply comes directly from arteries or the coeliaco-mesenteric artery. Depending on connections to the esophagus, swim bladders are either physostomous or physoclistous types. The anterior part secretes gas while the posterior part absorbs gas. Main functions include respiration, sound production, hearing, pressure sensing, and providing buoyancy.
Fish disease ( Fungal ,Bacterial , Viral )
1. The document discusses several diseases that affect fish: velvet disease caused by Oodinium parasites; Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria which can cause dropsy; Columnaris disease caused by Flexibacter columnaris bacteria; and Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome caused by the Aphanomyces invadans fungus.
2. It provides details on the etiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of each disease. Velvet disease presents as a gold/rust colored film on fish and is highly contagious. Dropsy results in fluid buildup and is usually caused by Aeromonas bacteria infecting immune-compromised fish. Columnaris causes gray lesions by the dorsal fin. Epizootic Ul
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Alimentary canal and feeding adaptations in fishes by nusrit
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Properties of sea water
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
sea weed farming south east asia
This document provides an overview of seaweed culture and harvesting methods in Southeast Asian countries. It discusses the status of the seaweed industry, common seaweed species cultured in the region, environmental conditions for seaweed farming, methods for preparing seedlings and farm plots, common culture methods like off-bottom, raft and long line methods, harvesting techniques, post-harvest handling, benefits of seaweed culture for the region, and challenges. The document also includes a reference section listing various sources on topics like seaweed cultivation techniques, economics, markets, and studies on seaweed resources.
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This document discusses the interaction between soil, water, and aquaculture. It explains that soil properties and water quality influence aquaculture success. The document outlines several physical and chemical properties of pond soil and water that are important for aquaculture, including texture, pH, organic matter, nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and temperature. It also describes key processes like decomposition, photosynthesis, and sedimentation that control pond-soil-water interactions and influence water quality parameters. Maintaining optimum levels of these physical and chemical properties is important for aquaculture.
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a self-regulating group of biotic communities interacting with their non-living environment. It has a biotic structure of producers, consumers, and decomposers and an abiotic structure of physical and chemical factors. Energy and nutrients cycle through the ecosystem via food chains and webs that are represented by ecological pyramids showing the trophic structure. Ecosystems are classified based on their organization patterns, including forest, grassland, desert, aquatic, and marine ecosystems.
Bony fish
Bony fish have a backbone, skull, brain and kidneys. They are classified into two main types - ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish. Ray-finned fish make up the majority of fish and have fins supported by bony rays, while lobe-finned fish have fleshy lobes supporting their fins. Bony fish display a variety of adaptations for respiration, circulation, buoyancy and sensory functions.
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This document provides information about a seminar on induced breeding methods in fishes. It discusses the history of induced breeding, the need for the technique, and the steps involved, including: collecting pituitary glands from ripe breeders; preparing the extract; selecting and injecting broodfish with the extract or synthetic hormones; and factors that influence successful induced spawning. The seminar instructors are listed and the document outlines the topics to be covered, such as the location of the pituitary gland and doses of hormones used to induce breeding.
Abiotic and biotic factors ppt
This document discusses biotic and abiotic factors in ecosystems. It defines biotic factors as living components such as plants, animals, and fungi. Abiotic factors are defined as non-living components such as temperature, water, and sunlight. The document explains that biotic and abiotic factors interact with and influence each other within an ecosystem. For example, temperature and water levels affect living organisms.
Ppt on feed formulation
This document discusses factors to consider when formulating fish feeds, including the nutrient requirements of different fish species. It explains that fish can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, or detritivores depending on their diets. The main nutrients required in fish feeds are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Acceptable protein sources include fish meal and soymeal, while lipid sources include fish and plant oils. Carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals also must be included in proper amounts. The document stresses that feed formulations should be tailored to local availability and fish species' specific needs.
Oceanography
Oceanography is the science that studies the oceans along with marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics, ocean currents and waves, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical substances and physical properties of the world oceans.
Water 1
Water has several important chemical properties that influence life in the ocean. Temperature affects oxygen levels and influences seasonal changes. Salinity is determined by dissolved salts and affects density. Density causes buoyancy and influences water layering. pH is affected by dissolved carbon dioxide and influences organism physiology. Dissolved gases like oxygen and nitrogen enter the water through diffusion and are important for respiration and nutrient cycling. Light penetration depends on wavelength absorption and determines the photic zone where photosynthesis can occur. These numerous parameters are interrelated, so changes to one can impact others and disrupt the delicate balance of the marine environment.
Culture of Monostroma
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2. There are three ecotypes of M. latissimum based on morphology and habitat: an inner bay type, estuary type, and open sea type.
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16. Class Osteichthyes Notes
The document summarizes the key characteristics of the bony fish class Osteichthyes. Bony fish have a skeleton made of bone, scales, and an operculum covering their gills. They possess fins, swim bladders, and their mouths and jaws allow for better movement than sharks to aid feeding. Their internal anatomy includes two-chambered hearts, gills for gas exchange, lateral lines for sensing vibrations, and various sensory organs like eyes and ears. Bony fish exhibit diverse behaviors such as forming territories, schools, and undertaking migrations.
Ecosystem
This document discusses abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem. Abiotic factors are non-living physical and chemical conditions such as light, water, air, climate, and soil. Biotic factors refer to the living organisms in an ecosystem, including animals, plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria. The document explains that ecosystems are complex systems where abiotic and biotic factors interact and depend on one another, so damage to one part can have disastrous effects on the other parts.
Major and minor components of seawater
seawater is life to many organisms and plants.
it consists of various nutrients which help in the growth and developments of flora and fauna present in the seawater
Induced breeding in fishes
Induced breeding is a technique where organism is stimulated by particular hormone or other synthetic hormone or by providing condition, introduced to breed in captive condition.
Human reproduction
1. Fertilization occurs when an egg and sperm fuse in the fallopian tube, forming a zygote which divides through mitosis to become a morula and blastocyst.
2. The blastocyst implants in the uterus and develops villi which grow into the uterus to form the placenta via which the embryo receives oxygen and nutrients.
3. The embryo is enclosed in amniotic fluid within the amnion and is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord. During birth, the cervix dilates, the fetus is expelled, and the placenta and membranes are delivered.
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Physiology of fishes
Fishes move through water using fins and muscles arranged in a zigzag pattern. Their digestion involves swallowing prey whole and using organs like the stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas to break down food. Fishes have a closed circulatory system to pump blood through the gills and body. They breathe using gills and exchange gases through countercurrent flow. Sense organs like eyes and lateral lines help fishes navigate and find prey/mates. Most reproduce by laying eggs externally but some keep eggs internally.
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Varieties of Seafood-Composition of fish.pptx
1. The document discusses the classification, anatomy, and composition of various types of seafood including fish and shellfish.
2. It describes finfish and shellfish, breaking shellfish into two categories: crustaceans like crabs and lobsters, and mollusks like clams and oysters.
3. The anatomy of fish is examined in detail, identifying internal structures like gills, lateral line, and swim bladder, as well as external features like scales, fins, eyes, and mouth. Composition and cooking properties of different fish are also covered.
15. Phylum Chordata Notes
This document summarizes the phylum Chordata and types of fish. It describes the three subphyla of Chordata: Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata. Vertebrata contains seven classes of organisms including Agnatha (jawless fish), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish), and Osteichthyes (bony fish). Key characteristics of fish are described such as their notochord, nerve cord, pharynx, gills, and circulatory, digestive, respiratory and nervous systems. Evolutionary adaptations that enabled fish to transition to land are also outlined.
activity 5 - Osteichthyes
The document discusses the key anatomical features of bony fish (Osteichthyes) and cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes). It describes that Osteichthyes have bones and cycloid or ctenoid scales, while Chondrichthyes have cartilage and placoid scales. It then explains the functions of various fins, the lateral line, scales, eyes, nostrils, mouth, gills, operculum, and other parts in fish anatomy.
Naturalists at Large: Marine vertebrates
Vertebrates share the characteristic of having a notochord or backbone at some point in their development. The backbone provides support, protection, and structure to the body. It allows vertebrates like fish, birds, and mammals to move effectively through their environments. Fish specifically use gills and fins to breathe and move through water, and can be categorized into three main groups: jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish.
Class osteichthyans
The document describes several key characteristics of milkfish:
- They are ray-finned fish with gill slits covered by an operculum and may possess an air sac.
- Their scales and skeletons have evolved over time from large ganoid scales to thinner, more flexible scales in modern teleosts.
- Modern teleosts have movable jaws/palates and pelvic fins farther forward compared to earlier fish.
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Fish have several key characteristics that define them as chordates, including a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits. There are three main classes of fish: jawless fish like lampreys, cartilaginous fish such as skates, and boney fish including rainbow trout. Boney fish make up over 95% of fish species and have skeletons made of bone. Ectotherms are animals whose body temperature changes with the environment, while endotherms regulate an internal constant temperature.
Fish
A fish is an aquatic craniate animal that lacks limbs and has gills. They are classified in the kingdom Animalia and phylum Chordata. Early fish were small and jawless, while modern fish diversity increased with the evolution of jaws. Fish have scales, fins, and internal organs like gills for respiration and kidneys for excretion. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, and have a variety of habitats, diets, and behaviors.
Shark basics
Sharks are cartilaginous fish that have a skeleton made of cartilage. They belong to the class Chondrichthyes and have 5 fins - dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal - that help with stabilization, lifting, steering, and forward momentum. Sharks have specialized anatomy like dermal denticles that reduce turbulence in water, multiple rows of replaceable teeth, electroreceptors and a strong sense of smell that help them survive as predators.
Fish
This document provides information on the history and anatomy of fish. It begins with the earliest fish, the ostracoderms from the Ordovician Period, and discusses the evolution of jaws in placoderms and acanthodians. It then describes the general characteristics of modern fish, including their external anatomy such as fins, scales, skin and internal organs. The document also covers fish feeding, reproduction as egg-layers and scatterers, and care of marine invertebrates.
Animal diversity Lab on fish
The student conducted a dissection and analysis of the internal anatomy of a White Grunt fish. Key organs identified included the heart, liver, pyloric caeca, gonads, and swim bladder. Externally, fins, gills, lateral line, nares, scales, and mouth parts were examined. The fish's dentition, nocturnal feeding habits of scavenging benthic invertebrates and small fish, and similarities to human anatomy like lungs/gills and intestines/pyloric caeca were discussed. The dissection helped understand the fish's physical adaptations and relationships between its form and function.
Fish
This document provides information about the history and anatomy of fish. It discusses:
- The earliest fish, ostracoderms, from 425 million years ago that lacked jaws.
- Two groups of jawed fish that evolved around 395 million years ago: placoderms with fused upper jaws and acanthodians with bony spines.
- The general characteristics of modern fish, including being cold-blooded, breathing with gills, and moving with fins to maintain salt and water levels.
- The external anatomy of fish including fins, scales, eyes, mouth and lateral line sensory system.
- The internal organs of fish such as gills, heart, liver, kidneys and swim bladder that aid
Mullusk
Mollusks are a diverse phylum of soft-bodied animals that usually have an external or internal shell. They include snails, slugs, clams, squids, and octopuses. The basic body plan of mollusks consists of a foot, mantle, shell, and visceral mass. The three main classes of mollusks are gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods. Gastropods are shelled or shell-less mollusks that move using a foot, while bivalves have two shells held together by muscles. Cephalopods like squid and octopus have a head attached to a muscular foot that is modified into tentacles.
Gas bladder.pptx
The gas bladder, or swim bladder, functions as a hydrostatic organ that helps regulate a fish's buoyancy. It allows fish to control their depth by increasing or decreasing the volume of gas inside the bladder. The bladder walls are made of elastic tissues and smooth muscles. Gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are stored inside. The lateral line system detects water movements and aids in tasks like navigation, prey detection, and schooling behavior. It consists of neuromasts, which are mechanoreceptors sensitive to water displacement. The neuromasts contain hair cells that detect water motions and transmit signals to the brain via afferent nerves. Color patterns in fish provide camouflage, communication, and other functions
Fish Unit
The document discusses key anatomical terms used to describe directionality in the body. It then summarizes the evolution of chordates, highlighting four defining characteristics and advantages conferred by these traits. Various hypotheses on vertebrate evolution are presented, along with an overview of major chordate subgroups and their defining features.
Class Actinopterygii and Class Sarcopterygii
This document provides information on ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). It describes their general characteristics such as habitat, locomotion, nutrition, and reproduction. It also covers their classification and anatomical features. Ray-finned fish make up over 50% of known fish species and contain familiar bony fish. They have flexible fins supported by bones. Lobe-finned fish were more abundant in the past and include lungfish and coelacanths. They have fleshy lobed fins and some can live on land.
Internal anatomy of fish
The internal anatomy of fish includes several key systems. The skeletal system provides structure and support, consisting of bones like the skull, backbone, ribs, and fins. The muscular system allows movement through skeletal muscles. The respiratory system uses gills to extract oxygen from water. The digestive system intakes and breaks down food through organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The circulatory system circulates blood through the heart, vessels, and gills. The nervous system controls the body and senses using a brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The reproductive system produces eggs and sperm. Some fish have special organs like a swim bladder for buoyancy or light-producing organs to attract mates or prey.
17.2 Fish
Fishes have gills that extract oxygen from water. Water passes over the gills as fish swim, allowing oxygen to diffuse into blood vessels and carbon dioxide to diffuse out. There are three main classes of fish: jawless fish like lampreys and hagfish that lack jaws; cartilaginous fish like sharks that have skeletons made of cartilage; and bony fish, which is the largest class and have skeletons made of bone. Bony fish use a swim bladder to control their buoyancy and have scales and fins adapted for swimming.
Fish anatomy
This document provides information about fish anatomy and aging using otoliths. It describes the external anatomy of fish such as fins, scales, lateral line and internal anatomy including organs like gills, kidneys and gonads. It also explains how otoliths, structures located behind the brain, are used to determine a fish's age by counting growth rings similar to tree rings. Validating the age estimates involves techniques like tagging and recapturing fish that have been injected with chemicals that appear as bands in the otoliths.
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Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Overview of the Global Peatlands Assessment
Presented by Patrick Scheel at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Peatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge EducationGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Feri Johana at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyRecycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Presented by Alexandra Barthelmes at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Presented by Agus Julianto on GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyClimate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland managementGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and ActionRecently uploaded (20)
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Bony fish
- 7. A skeleton of bone Scales Bony operculum covering the gill openings Lungs or a swim bladder
- 15. Movement
- 18. are taxonomic group of fish that have bone in their skeletons. It is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today.
- 23. contains fishes that are sometimes called the ray-finned fishes because their fins lack muscular lobes.
- 24. They usually possess swim bladders, gas- filled sacs along the dorsal wall of the cavity that regulate buoyancy.
- 28. have muscular lobes associated with their fins and usually use lungs in gas exchange.
- 34. TYPE OF COELOM: There is a coelom present among all osteichthyes. Each Osteichthyes' coeloms vary slightly, but all have a coelom, which allows them to move more freely through the water.
- 35. Musculo-Skeletal Fish move through the water with movements of their tail, here different kinds of fish locomotion are illustrated:
- 36. ENDOSKELETON or EXOSKELETON: Osteichthyes have an exoskeleton, meaning they have an external skeleton that helps protect the internal organs. Bony fish differ from the Chondrichthyes because the bony fish have skeletons actually made of bone. Most bony fish have scales, however, some have armor plating, while others such as catfishes lack any kind of covering over the exoskeleton and thus are considered "completely naked".
- 37. Fish swim with rhythmic side to side motion of the body or tail Rhythmic contractions produced by bands of muscle called myomeres Locomotion
- 39. stomach, intestine, pancreas, liver, pyloric caecae Pyloric caecae – slender tubes that secrete digestive enzymes Plant eaters = long intestine, Meat eaters = short intestines Digestive System:
- 40. Filter feeders filter plankton through their gills Tend to be smaller, schooling fish such as herrings, anchovies, and sardines
- 41. Top feeder bottom feeder
- 42. Fish ‘breathes’ oxygen from the water molecules:
- 45. • The gill is supported by cartilaginous or bony structure called gill arch • Gill rakers are used as filters to stop food from entering gills • Gill filaments contain the capillaries
- 48. Lungfish
- 49. * Brain & spinal cord * Olfactory sacs or bulbs located on either side of the head and connected to nostrils (smell) * Taste buds located in mouths or barbels * spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sensory organs - Nervous System
- 50. - An inner ear is contained in teloests which detects sounds and balance. - A lateral line controls impulse detections and low frequencies. This line contains ciliated nerve cells. - Chemoreceptors are used for sensing smell - Weberian ossicle: in freshwater fish for special acoustic sensory Sensory Organ
- 51. The blood of marine fish is less salty than the water, therefore they lose water through osmosis To replace it they must drink seawater Regulating Internal Environment
- 52. Reproduction Fertilization is usually external, but can be internal.
- 53. Most fish fertilize their eggs externally Spawning - the process of fertilizing eggs (fish reproduction) Fry = baby fish Broadcast Spawning
- 54. Development is usually oviparous (egg-laying; depositing eggs that develop and hatch outside the body as a reproductive strategy)
- 55. but can be ovoviparity (eggs are retained in the female, but the embryo obtains its nourishment from the egg's yolk)
- 56. or viviparous (born alive, as are most mammals, some reptiles, and a few fish (as opposed to being laid as an egg)
- 57. As food, 2. They give by-products. 3. To control diseases.