Transistors and integrated circuits are important components in electronics. A transistor is a semiconductor device with three electrical contacts that can be used as an amplifier, detector, or switch. An integrated circuit is a circuit composed of transistors, resistors, and capacitors constructed on a single semiconductor chip, where the components are interconnected to perform a given function. A bipolar junction transistor consists of a three-layer sandwich of doped semiconductor materials (either PNP or NPN) where a small base current controls a larger collector current flowing between the emitter and collector. Integrated circuits allow many transistors to be packed onto a single chip to construct more complex circuits.
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
BS-III
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Reference,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_symbol
James E. Huheey, Ellen A. Keiter, Richard L.Keiter and Okhil K. Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure and Reactivity. 4th Edn. Pearsons
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
BS-III
Electrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materialsElectrical properties of materials
Reference,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_symbol
James E. Huheey, Ellen A. Keiter, Richard L.Keiter and Okhil K. Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure and Reactivity. 4th Edn. Pearsons
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF NI0.4MG0.6FE2O4 SYNTHESIZED BY CONVENTIONAL SOLID-ST...IAEME Publication
Ni0.4Mg0.6Fe2O4 samples are prepared by conventional double sintering approach and sintered at 1300oC/ 2 h. These ferrites are characterized using X-ray diffractometer. The diffraction study reveals that the present compound shows perfect single phase cubic spinel structure. In addition, the behavior of distinct electrical properties such as dielectric constant (ε'), dielectric loss (ε") and ac-conductivity (σac) as a function frequency as well as temperature is analyzed using the LCR controller
Basics In electricity ( From Unit 1 to Unit 5).
Atoms and atomics structure.
Types of electricity.
Resistance.
Ohm’s law.
Condenser/ capacitor.
Inductors.
Magnetism.
EMI.
Valves.
Transformer.
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*
Bonding in Solids
1.
2.
3. bond in which
one or more pairs of
electrons are shared
by two atoms.
4.
5.
6.
7. bond in which one or more electrons
from one atom are removed and
attached to another atom, resulting in
positive and negative ions which
attract each other.
8.
9. -Scientists use the percent ionic character of a bond to find out the
difference between an ionic bond and polar covalent bond.
-Ionic character increases with the electronegativity difference.
-Between discrete pairs of atoms, there are no bonds that are
considered ionic solids.
-Compounds with more than 50% ionic character are usually
considered ionic solids.
-If a compound conducts an electric current after it’s been melted,
it’s considered ionic.
10.
11.
12. A plot of the potential energy versus
the separation distance.
r= distance between the charges
Constant ( )=9.0×109N·m2/C2
13.
14. If the two charges have the same sign,
the PE is positive for all values of r
15. If the two charges are of opposite sign, the PE is
negative because the product is negative.
16. Binding Energy
This is how much energy must be put into the
system to separate the two atoms to infinity,
where the PE=0.
17. It is also the energy equivalent of
the “missing mass” of a nucleus.
18. Activation Energy
The additional energy that must be injected into the
system to get the atoms over the “hump” (or barrier)
in the potential energy diagram.
49. • Quantum mechanics has been a great tool for
understanding the structure of solids. This active
field of research today is called solid-state
physics, or condensed-matter physics so as to
include liquids as well.
Although some solid materials are amorphous in
structure (such as glass) in that the atoms and
molecules show no longer range order, we will
be interested here in the large class of
crystalline substances whose atoms, ions, or
molecules are generally accepted to form an
orderly array in a geometric arrangement
known as a lattice.
50. Figure 29-22 Arrangement of atoms in (a) a simple cubic crystal , (b) body-
centered cubic crystal, and (c) face-centered cubic crystal .
Each diagram shows the relationship of the bonds. Each of these “cells” is
repeated in three dimensions to the edges of the macroscopic crystal.
51. Bonds in solid
• Covalent Bonding (as between the carbon
atoms of the diamond crystal)
54. • A different type of bond occurs in metals. Metal
atoms have relatively loosely held outer
electrons. Present-day metallic bond theories
propose that in a metallic solid, these outer
electrons roam rather freely among all the metal
atoms which, without their outer electrons, act
like positive ions. The electrostatic attraction
between the metal ions and these negative
electrons “gas” is at least in part responsible for
holding the solid together. The binding energy of
metal bonds is typically 1-3eV somewhat
weaker than ionic or covalent bonds(5-10eV in
solids). The free electrons are responsible for
the high electrical and thermal conductivity of
metals.
55. Comparison Of Important Strong
Bonds
• Ionic Bonding- an electron is stolen from one
atom by another.
• Covalent Bonding- electrons are shared by
atoms within a single molecule
• Metallic Bonding- electrons are shared by all
atoms in the metal.
56.
57. • When two hydrogen atoms approach each
other, the wave functions overlap, and the
two 1s states (one for each atom) divide into
two states of different energy.
• If a large number of atom comes together to
form a solid, then each of the original atomic
levels becomes a band. the energy levels are
so close together in each band that they seem
essentially continuous.
58. • The crucial aspect of a good conductor is that the
highest energy band containing electrons is only
partially filled.
• The 3s band, is only half full.
• Only two electrons can be in the 3s state , one
with spin up and one with spin down. these two
states have slightly different energy.
• For a solid consisting of N atoms, the 3s band will
contain 2N possible energy states.
• When a potential difference is applied across the
metal, electrons can respond by accelerating and
increasing their energy.
59. • A current flows readily and sodium is a good
conductor.
• A characteristics of a good conductors is that
the highest energy band is only partially filled.
• In a material that is a good insulator, the
highest band containing electrons, called the
conduction band, is separated from the
valence bond by a “ forbidden” energy gap
(banded gap).
60. • The important class of materials known as
semi conductors.
• The bands for a semi conductor, such as silicon
(Si ), or germanium(Ge).
• At higher temperatures more electrons have
enough energy to jump the gap, this effect can
often more than offset the effects of more
frequent collisions due to increased disorder
at higher temperature.
• Unfilled electron states are called holes.
63. P-n junction diode
Separately, the two semiconductors are
electrically neutral .
When joined, a few electron near the junction
diffuse from the negative type into the positive
type semiconductor.
The n-type is left with a positive charge, and
the p-type acquires a net negative charge.
64. The externally applied voltage opposes the
internal potential difference and the diode is
said to be forward biased.
The positive type holes in the p-type
semiconductor are repelled by the positive
terminal of the battery and the electrons in
the n-type are repelled by the negative
terminal of the battery.
65. The positive terminal of the battery is
continually pulling electrons off the p end,
forming new holes, and electrons are being
supplied by the negative terminal at the n
end. consequently, a large current flows
through the diode.
When the diode is reversed biased, the holes
in the p end are attracted to the battery’s
negative terminal and the electrons in the n
end are attracted to the positive terminal.
66. If a voltage across the diode connected in
reverse bias is increasely greatly, a point is
reached where breakdown occurs.
The voltage remains constant over a wide
range of currents, and a diode designed for
this purpose is called a zener diode .
Zener diode can be obtained corresponding to
voltages of a few volts to a hundreds of volts.
Rectifier circuits are important because most
line voltage is ac and most electronic devices
require a dc voltage for their operation.
67. Photodiodes and solar cells are p-n junctions
used in the reverse way.
Photons are absorbed , creating electron-hole
pairs if the photon energy is greater than the
band gap energy.
A diode is called a nonlinear device because
the current is not proportional to the voltage
76. Transistors and
Integrated Circuits
Transistors
A small electronic device containing a
semiconductor and having at least three
electrical contacts, used in a circuit as an
amplifier, detector, or switch.
Integrated circuit
a circuit of transistors, resistors, and
capacitors constructed on a single
semiconductor wafer or chip, in which the
components are interconnected to perform
a given function; microcircuit. Abbr.: IC
77. A simple Junction
transistors
• A bipolar transistor consists of a three-layer “sandwich” of
doped (extrinsic) semiconductor materials, either P-N-P in
Figure below(b) or N-P-N at (d). Each layer forming
the transistor has a specific name, and each layer is provided
with a wire contact for connection to a circuit. The schematic
symbols are shown in Figure below(a) and (d).
• BJT transistor: (a) PNP schematic symbol, (b) physical layout
(c) NPN symbol, (d) layout.
78. The functional difference between a PNP transistor and an NPN transistor is
the proper biasing (polarity) of the junctions when operating. For any given
state of operation, the current directions and voltage polarities for each kind of
transistor are exactly opposite each other.
• Bipolartransistorsworkascurrent-controlledcurrentregulators.
Inotherwords,transistorsrestricttheamountofcurrentpassed
accordingtoasmaller,controllingcurrent.Themaincurrentthat
is controlled goes from collector to emitter, or from emitter to
collector,dependingonthetypeoftransistoritis(PNPorNPN,
respectively). The small current that controls the main current
goesfrombasetoemitter,orfromemittertobase,onceagain
depending on the kind of transistor it is (PNP or NPN,
respectively). According to the standards of semiconductor
symbology, the arrow always points against the direction of
electronflow.(Figurebelow)
79. Small electron base current controls large
collector electron current flowing against
emitter arrow.
80. Bipolar transistors are called bipolar because the main flow of electrons
through them takes place in two types of semiconductor material: P and
N, as the main current goes from emitter to collector (or vice versa). In
other words, two types of charge carriers -- electrons and holes --
comprise this main current through the transistor.
• As you can see, the controlling current and
the controlled current always mesh together through the emitter
wire, and their electrons always flow against the direction of
the transistor's arrow. This is the first and foremost rule in the
use of transistors: all currents must be going in the proper
directions for the device to work as a current regulator. The
small, controlling current is usually referred to simply as the base
current because it is the only current that goes through the base
wire of the transistor. Conversely, the large, controlled current is
referred to as the collector current because it is the only current
that goes through the collector wire. The emitter current is the
sum of the base and collector currents, in compliance with
Kirchhoff's Current Law.
81. • No current through the base of the transistor,
shuts it off like an open switch and prevents
current through the collector. A base current,
turns the transistor on like a closed switch and
allowsaproportionalamountof currentthrough
the collector. Collector current is primarily
limited by the base current, regardless of the
amount of voltage available to push it.
82. REVIEW:
• Bipolar transistors are so named because the controlled current
must go through two types of semiconductor material: P and N. The
current consists of both electron and hole flow, in different parts of
the transistor.
• Bipolar transistors consist of either a P-N-P or an N-P-N
semiconductor “sandwich” structure.
• The three leads of a bipolar transistor are called the Emitter, Base,
and Collector.
• Transistors function as current regulators by allowing a small
current to control a larger current. The amount of current allowed
between collector and emitter is primarily determined by the
amount of current moving between base and emitter.
• In order for a transistor to properly function as a current regulator,
the controlling (base) current and the controlled (collector) currents
must be going in the proper directions: meshing additively at the
emitter and going against the emitter arrow symbol.