The document discusses a course on basic electronics at Matrusri Engineering College. It includes:
1. The course objectives are to understand the characteristics and design concepts of diodes, transistors, feedback amplifiers, oscillators, and operational amplifiers.
2. The course outcomes are for students to be able to analyze and design rectifier, regulator, amplifier, and oscillator circuits and understand the performance of transistors.
3. The first module will cover the characteristics of PN junctions, including half wave and full wave rectifiers, and diodes such as Zener diodes.
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
A p–n junction is a boundary or interface between two types of semiconductor materials, p-type ... For example, a common type of transistor, the bipolar junction transistor, consists ..... Two years later (1941), Vadim Lashkaryov reported discovery of p–n junctions in Cu2O and silver sulphide photocells and selenium rectifiers.
Electron Device Control Lecture All Need To Know The Basics Of Device Control? Look At This.. Based On Basic Concepts..
By Anna University Syllabus..
-Prabhaharan429
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
A p–n junction is a boundary or interface between two types of semiconductor materials, p-type ... For example, a common type of transistor, the bipolar junction transistor, consists ..... Two years later (1941), Vadim Lashkaryov reported discovery of p–n junctions in Cu2O and silver sulphide photocells and selenium rectifiers.
Electron Device Control Lecture All Need To Know The Basics Of Device Control? Look At This.. Based On Basic Concepts..
By Anna University Syllabus..
-Prabhaharan429
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Runway Orientation Based on the Wind Rose Diagram.pptx
BE UNIT 1 PPT.ppt
1. MATRUSRI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
SUBJECT NAME: BASIC ELECTRONICS
FACULTY NAME: Dr. Ashok Kumar K
Insert Your Photo here
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
2. BASIC ELECTRONICS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To understand the characteristics of diodes and transistor configurations.
2.To understand the design concepts of biasing of BJT and FET.
3.To understand the design concepts of feedback amplifiers and
oscillators.
4. To study the design concepts of OP Amp and data converters
characteristics of FETs, MOSFETs and study IC fabrication techniques.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
3. BASIC ELECTRONICS
COURSE OUTCOMES:
On successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:
1.Study and analyse the rectifier and regulator circuits.
2.Study and analyse the performance of BJTs, FETs on the basis of their
operation and working.
3.Ability to analyse and design oscillator circuits.
4.Ability to analyse different logic gates and multivibrator circuits.
5.Ability to analyse different data acquisition systems.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
4. UNIT-I
OUTCOMES:
To understand the semiconductor materials that are
suitable for electronic devices
To study the properties of materials for electronic devices
To understand the biasing of diode
Able to design Diode circuit
Able to apply some types of diodes
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Characteristics of PN junction: half wave rectifier, full wave
rectifiers, filters, ripple, regulation, TUF and efficiency , Zener
diode and Zener diode regulators.CRT construction and CRO
applications..
5. MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
OUTCOMES:
To understand the biasing of diode
Able to design Diode circuit
Able to apply some types of diodes
MODULE-I
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CONTENTS:
Characteristics of PN junction: half wave
rectifier, full wave rectifiers
Filters, ripple, regulation, TUF and
efficiency
6. Boron and gallium each have only three outer electrons. When mixed into the
silicon lattice, they form "holes" in the lattice where a silicon electron has
nothing to bond to. The absence of an electron creates the effect of a positive
charge, hence the name P-type. Holes can conduct current. A hole happily
accepts an electron from a neighbor, moving the hole over a space. P-type
silicon is a good conductor.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PN Junction formation
P-Type Doping
7. MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Phosphorus and arsenic each have five outer electrons, so they're out of place
when they get into the silicon lattice. The fifth electron has nothing to bond
to, so it's free to move around. It takes only a very small quantity of the
impurity to create enough free electrons to allow an electric current to flow
through the silicon. N-type silicon is a good conductor. Electrons have a
negative charge, hence the name N-type.
PN Junction formation
N-Type Doping
8. MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PN Junction
We create a p-n junction by joining together two pieces of semiconductor,
one doped n-type, the other p-type. In the n-type region there are extra
electrons and in the p-type region, there are holes from the acceptor
impurities .
9. MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PN Junction
In the p-type region there are holes from the acceptor impurities and in the n-
type region there are extra electrons. When a p-n junction is formed, some of
the electrons from the n-region which have reached the conduction band are
free to diffuse across the junction and combine with holes. Filling a hole makes a
negative ion and leaves behind a positive ion on the n-side. A space charge
builds up, creating a depletion region.
10. This causes a depletion zone to form around the junction (the join)
between the two materials. This zone controls the behavior of the diode.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PN Junction
11. Forward biasing the p-n junction drives holes to the junction from the p-
type material and electrons to the junction from the n-type material. At
the junction the electrons and holes combine so that a continuous current
can be maintained.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Forward Biasing
12. The application of a reverse voltage to the p-n junction will cause a
transient current to flow as both electrons and holes are pulled away
from the junction. When the potential formed by the widened depletion
layer equals the applied voltage, the current will cease except for the
small thermal current.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Reverse Biasing
13. MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
V-I Characteristics
When forward-biased, there is a small amount of voltage necessary to get the
diode going. In silicon, this voltage is about 0.7 volts. This voltage is needed to
start the hole-electron combination process at the junction. When reverse-biased,
an ideal diode would block all current. A real diode lets perhaps 10 microamps
through -- not a lot, but still not perfect. Usually, the breakdown voltage is a lot
more voltage than the circuit will ever see, so it is irrelevant.
14. where
IS = reverse saturation current (A)
vD = voltage applied to diode (V)
q = electronic charge (1.60 x 10-19 C)
k = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
T = absolute temperature
n = non ideality factor (dimensionless)
VT = kT/q = thermal voltage (V) (25 mV at room temp.)
IS is typically between 10-18 and 10-9 A, and is strongly temperature
dependent due to its dependence on ni
2. The non ideality factor is
typically close to 1, but approaches 2 for devices with high current
densities. It is assumed to be 1 in this text.
Diode current equation
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
15. IS, the reverse bias saturation current for an ideal p-n diode is given as
where
• IS is the reverse bias saturation current,
• e is elementary charge
• A is the cross-sectional area
• Dp,n are the diffusion coefficients of holes and electrons, respectively,
• ND,A are the donor and acceptor concentrations at the n side and p
side,respectively,
• ni is the intrinsic carrier concentration in the semiconductor material,
• τp,n are the carrier lifetimes of holes and electrons, respectively.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Diode current equation(contd…)
16. Diode Current for Reverse, Zero, and Forward Bias
• Reverse bias:
• Zero bias:
• Forward bias:
i
D
I
Sexp
v
D
nV
T
1
I
S0
1
I
S
i
D
I
Sexp
v
D
nV
T
1
I
S1
1
0
i
D
I
Sexp
v
D
nV
T
1
I
S
exp
v
D
nV
T
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
45. MODULE-II
CONTENTS:
Zener diode and Zener diode regulators.CRT construction and
CRO applications.
OUTCOMES:
To understand the operation, performance of Zener diode
To understand the operation and applications of CRO
46. Breakdown in diodes
• Avalanche Breakdown
Si diodes with VZ greater than about 5.6 volts breakdown according to
an avalanche mechanism. As the electric field increases, accelerated
carriers begin to collide with fixed atoms. As the reverse bias
increases, the energy of the accelerated carriers increases, eventually
leading to ionization of the impacted ions. The new carriers also
accelerate and ionize other atoms. This process feeds on itself and
leads to avalanche breakdown.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
47. Breakdown in diodes (cont.)
• Zener Breakdown
Zener breakdown occurs in heavily doped diodes. The heavy doping
results in a very narrow depletion region at the diode junction.
Reverse bias leads to carriers with sufficient energy to tunnel directly
between conduction and valence bands moving across the junction.
Once the tunneling threshold is reached, additional reverse bias leads
to a rapidly increasing reverse current.
• Breakdown Voltage Temperature Coefficient
Temperature coefficient is a quick way to distinguish breakdown
mechanisms. Avalanche breakdown voltage increases with
temperature, whereas Zener breakdown decreases with temperature.
For silicon diodes, zero temperature coefficient is achieved at
approximately 5.6 V.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
48. 48
A typical V-I curve for a Zener diode.
A Zener diode reference circuit.
The Zener diode is made to operate under reverse bias once a sufficiently high
voltage has been reached. The V-I curve of a Zener diode is shown in Figure.
Notice that under reverse bias and low voltage the current assumes a low
negative value, just as in a normal pn-junction diode. But when a sufficiently
large reverse bias voltage is reached, the current increases at a very high rate.
Zener Diode
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
49. Voltage Regulator Using the Zener Diode
The Zener diode keeps the
voltage across load resistor
RL constant. For Zener
breakdown operation, IZ > 0.
I
S
V
S
V
Z
R
(
20
5
)
V
5
k
3
mA
I
L
V
Z
R
L
5
V
5
k
1
mA
| I
Z
I
S
I
L
2
mA
I
Z
V
S
R
V
Z
1
R
1
R
L
0
|R
L
R
V
S
V
Z
1
R
min
For proper regulation, Zener current must be
positive. If the Zener current < 0, the Zener
diode no longer controls the voltage across
the load resistor and the voltage regulator is
said to have “dropped out of regulation”.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
50. Line and Load Regulation
Line regulation characterizes how sensitive the output voltage is to input
voltage changes. (Circuit on previous page, Figure 3.41)
Line Regulation
dV
L
dV
S
mV/V
For a fixed load curren
Line Regulation
=
R
Z
R
+
R
Z
Load regulation characterizes how sensitive the output voltage is to
changes in load current withdrawn from regulator.
Load regulation is the Thévenin equivalent resistance looking back into
the regulator from the load terminals.
Load Regulation
dV
L
dI
L
For changes in load
Load Regul
R
Z
R
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
52. CRO
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Cathode ray tube - it is the heart of the oscilloscope. When the electrons emitted by the electron gun
strikes the phosphor screen, a visual signal is displayed on the CRT.
Vertical amplifier - the input signals are amplified by the vertical amplifier. Usually, the vertical amplifier
is a wide band amplifier which passes the entire band of frequencies.
Delay line - as the name suggests, this circuit is used to delay the signal for a period of time in the vertical
section of CRT. The input signal is not applied directly to the vertical plates because the part of the signal
gets lost, when the delay time is not used. Therefore, the input signal is delayed by a period of time.
Time base (sweep) generator - time base circuit uses a uni-junction transistor, which is used to produce
the sweep. The saw tooth voltage produced by the time base circuit is required to deflect the beam in the
horizontal section. The spot is deflected by the saw tooth voltage at a constant time dependent rate.
Horizontal amplifier - the saw tooth voltage produced by the time base circuit is amplified by the
horizontal amplifier before it is applied to horizontal deflection plates.
Trigger circuit - the signals which are used to activate the trigger circuit are converted to trigger pulses for
the precision sweep operation whose amplitude is uniform. Hence input signal and the sweep frequency
can be synchronized.
Power supply - the voltages required by CRT, horizontal amplifier, and vertical amplifier are provided by
the power supply block. It is classified into two types -
(1) negative high voltage supply
(2) positive low voltage supply
The voltage of negative high voltage supply is from -1000V to -1500V. The range of positive voltage
supply is from 300V to 400V.
53. CRO
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Working of cathode ray oscilloscope:
when the electron is injected through the electron gun, it passes through the
control grid. The control grid controls the intensity of electron in the vacuum tube. If the
control grid has high negative potential, then it allows only a few electrons to pass through it.
Thus, the dim spot is produced on the lightning screen. If the negative potential on the control
grid is low, then the bright spot is produced. Hence the intensity of light depends on the
negative potential of the control grid.
After moving the control grid the electron beam passing through the focusing and
accelerating anodes. The accelerating anodes are at a high positive potential and hence they
converge the beam at a point on the screen.
After moving from the accelerating anode, the beam comes under the effect of the
deflecting plates. When the deflecting plate is at zero potential, the beam produces a spot at
the centre. If the voltage is applied to the vertical deflecting plate, the electron beam focuses
at the upward and when the voltage is applied horizontally the spot of light will be deflected
horizontally.
Applications:
used for display of waveforms, measurement of voltages, measurement of current,
measurement of frequency and measurement of phase difference.
56. Long Answer Questions
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
1.Draw and explain the V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode under forward and
reverse bias? Derive the total current equation of PN diode?
2.Draw the circuit diagram of a centre tapped full wave rectifier and explain its working.
Also define and derive the expression for (i) ripple factor (ii) conversion efficiency (iii)
TUF (iv) regulation.
3.Explain how does a zener diode behaves as voltage regulator?
4.A half wave rectifier circuit, having a resistive load of 1000Ω, rectifies an alternating
voltage of 325V peak value and the diode has forward resistance of 100Ω. Calculate (i)
peak (ii) average (iii) RMS value of current (iv) AC input power (v) DC output power
(vi) efficiency.
5.What is hall effect? Derive an expression for hall coefficient.
6.By drawing energy band diagrams show how fermi levels are indicated in intrinsic and
extrinsic materials in both n-type and p-type materials.
7.Explain capacitor filter with FWR with required waveforms and derive ripple factor
equation.
8.A 230V, 50hz voltage is applied to the primary of a 5:1 step down centre tapped
transformer in FWR having a load of 900Ω. Determine (i) DC voltage across the load (ii)
idc (iii) DC power delivered to the load (iv) PIV across each diode.
57. Long Answer Questions
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
6.By drawing energy band diagrams show how fermi levels are indicated in
intrinsic and extrinsic materials in both n-type and p-type materials.
7.Explain capacitor filter with FWR with required waveforms and derive ripple
factor equation.
8.A 230V, 50hz voltage is applied to the primary of a 5:1 step down centre
tapped transformer in FWR having a load of 900Ω. Determine (i) DC voltage
across the load (ii) idc (iii) DC power delivered to the load (iv) PIV across each
diode.
9.What is an ideal diode? How can it be represented as switch? Draw the
equivalent circuit and its characteristics.
10. Explanation of CRO?