This document discusses coordination complexes, their bonding properties, and magnetism. It covers several theories of bonding in coordination complexes including valence bond theory, crystal field theory, and ligand field theory. Valence bond theory describes coordinate covalent bonds formed between metal centers and ligands. Crystal field theory models ligand fields as point charges that split the metal's d orbitals into different energy levels, influencing complex properties. Magnetism arises from both spin and orbital contributions of unpaired electrons. Temperature and external fields can induce spin state changes between high and low spin configurations in some complexes.
An overview of the use of the Marcus Theory to calculate the energies of transition states.
Contributed by: Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Amanda Bischoff, and Matthew Sigman, University of Utah, 2015
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
For UG students of All Engineering Branches (Mechanical Engg., Chemical Engg., Instrumentation Engg., Food Technology) and PG students of Chemistry, Physics, Biochemistry, Pharmacy
The link of the video lecture at YouTube is
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3QDG8ZIX-8
An overview of the use of the Marcus Theory to calculate the energies of transition states.
Contributed by: Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Amanda Bischoff, and Matthew Sigman, University of Utah, 2015
This presentation describes about the preparation, properties, bonding modes, classification and applications of metal Dioxygen Complexes. Also explains the MO diagram of molecular oxygen.
For UG students of All Engineering Branches (Mechanical Engg., Chemical Engg., Instrumentation Engg., Food Technology) and PG students of Chemistry, Physics, Biochemistry, Pharmacy
The link of the video lecture at YouTube is
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3QDG8ZIX-8
It contains the basic principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Recoil energy, Dopler shift.
The instrumentation of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Hyperfine interactions.
It contains information about various theories of chemical bonding, mainly CFT. It discusses the splitting diagrams of octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar fields. Jahn-Teller distortion is also explained here in simple terms.
It contains the basic principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Recoil energy, Dopler shift.
The instrumentation of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Hyperfine interactions.
It contains information about various theories of chemical bonding, mainly CFT. It discusses the splitting diagrams of octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar fields. Jahn-Teller distortion is also explained here in simple terms.
Different physical situation encountered in nature are described by three types of statistics-Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics, Bose-Einstein Statistics and Fermi-Dirac Statistics
The interpretation of phase diagrams have application in petroleum industry, metallurgy, chemical industry, solvent separation and so on. This presentation guid you to understand phase diagrams.
The presentation on simple mathematics of random walk. This mathematical concept have applications in calculations of Brownian motion and signal processing.
Raman imaging is application of Raman sprectroscopy for medical diagnostics and bioimaging. It emerges as a promising noninvasive imaging technique in biomedical research.
This presentation is on dynamic light scattering characterization technique. DLS is cost effective size analysis method for nanoparticles and colloids.
The power point presentation describes development of Ru(II) complexes for cancer treatment. The presentation is prepared based on three review articles published in Chemical Society Reviews on 2017 and 2018:
(1)Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017,46,5771
(2)Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017,46,7706
(3)Chem. Soc. Rev., 2018,47, 909-928.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
1. Coordination Complexes:
Bonding & Magnetism
Dr. Anjali Devi J S
Assistant Professor (Contract Faculty), Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala
2. Bonding in coordination compounds
• Werner’s theory- primary secondary valence- Alfred Werner
• Valence Bond Theory (Linus Pauling in 1930s)
• Crystal field theory (Hans Bethe in 1929)
• Ligand Field Theory
• Molecular orbital theory
3. 1. Valence Bond Theory
Assumptions
1. Formation of a complex involves reaction between Lewis bases
(ligands) and Lewis acid (central metal atom or metal ion) with the
formation of coordinate covalent (or dative) bonds between them .
2. The model utilizes hybridization of metal s, p, and d, valence
orbitals to account for the structure and magnetic properties of
complexes.
Fe NH3
4. Coordination Complex geometry
• Complex geometry can be linked to orbital hybridization.
Coordination
number
Geometry Hybrid orbitals
2 Linear sp
4 Tetrahedral sp3
4 Square planar dsp2
6 Octahedral d2sp3 or sp3d2
9. Describe the bonding in
(a) Ni(NH3)6]2+,
(b) Pd(NH3)6]2+ and
(c) Pt(NH3)6]2+
with valence bond theory.
Question
10. 2. Crystal field theory
• Ligand lone pair is modelled as a point negative charge (or as the
partial charge of an electric dipole) that repels electrons in the d
orbitals of central metal ion.
• The resulting splitting of the d orbitals into groups with different
energies , and uses that splitting to rationalize and correlate the
optical spectra, thermodynamic stability, and magnetic properties of
complexes.
Purely electrostatic
interaction
14. Crystal field theory
• In the presence of an octahedral crystal field, d orbitals are split into a
lower energy triply degenerate set (t2g) and a higher energy doubly
degenerate set (eg) separated by an energy Δo; the ligand field
splitting parameter increases along a spectrochemical series of
ligands and varies under the identity and charge of the metal atom.
17. • The ligand field strength depends on ligand (spectrochemical series)
• The ligand field strength depends on identity of central metal atom.
• The values of Δo increases with increase in oxidation state (compare
Co spexcies and Fe species).
• And Δo increases down the group (see Co, Rh and Ir)
Mn2+ < Ni2+<Co2+ <Fe2+<V2+<Fe3+> Co3+ <Mo3+< Rh3+ <Ru3+<Pd4+<
Ir3+ <Pt4+
Factors affecting crystal field splitting
parameter, Δo
18. Crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE)
In the d1 case: t2g
1
It has an energy of -0.4 Δo relative to the barycenter of the d orbital.
For d2 :t2g
2
The electron obey Hund’s rule and occupy different degenerate t2g
orbitals, which has an energy of -0.4 Δo relative to the barycenter of
the d orbital.
System Configuratio
n
CFSE
d1 t2g
1 0.4 Δo
d2 t2g
2 0.8 Δo
d3 t2g
3 1.2 Δo
19. In the d4 case:
(1) For Δo< pairing energy(P) { weak field or high spin condition}
t2g
3eg
1
CFSE= (3X+0.4 Δo) –(1X+).6 Δo )=0.6 Δo ]
relative to the barycenter of the d orbital.
(2) For Δo> pairing energy(P) { strong field or low spin condition}
t2g
4eg
0
Crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE)
20. • Determine the CFSE for the following octahedral ion:
(a) d3
(b) High spin d5
(c) Low spin d6
(d) d9
Question
(a)1.2 Δo
(b)0
Answer
(c)2.4 Δo-2P
(d) 0.6Δo
21. Crystal field stabilization energy of high spin
octahedral complexes
dn Example N (high spin
complexes)
CFSE/ Δo
d0 Sc3+ 0 0
d1 Ti3+ 1 0.4
d2 V3+ 2 0.8
d3 Cr3+ 3 1.2
d4 Cr2+ 4 0.6
d5 Mn2+, Fe3+ 5 0
d6 Fe2+ 6 0.4
22. Crystal field stabilization energy of low spin
octahedral complexes
dn Example N (high spin
complexes)
CFSE/ Δo
d4 Cr2+ 2 1.6-P
d5 Fe3+, Mn2+ 1 2.0 -2P
d6 Fe2+ 0 2.4-2P
d7 Co2+ 1 1.8-P
25. Energy level diagram showing splitting of a set of d
orbitals by octahedral and tetrahedral crystal field.
26. Tetragonally distorted Octahedral complex
Octahedral array of
ligands becomes
progressively distorted
by the withdrawal of
two trans ligands,
especially those lying on
the z axis.
For a square pyramidal (spy) set of ligands, the
splitting diagram has to be qualitatively similar to
tat of square set.
27. Trigonal bi pyramidal complex
• The tbp has D3h symmetry.
• Taking 3-fold axis as z axis,
• dz2,
• dxy, dx2-y2
• dxz, dyz
29. Bohr magnetons
• The magnetic moments of atoms, ions, and molecules are expressed
in units called Bohr magnetons (B.M.)
• 1 𝐵. 𝑀. =
𝑒ℎ
4𝜋𝑚𝑐
30. Magnetic moment of electron
• The magnetic moment 𝜇𝑠 of a singe electron is given by the equation,
𝜇𝑠 (𝑖𝑛 𝐵. 𝑀. )= g 𝑠(𝑠 + 1)
31. Question
• For a free electron, g has the value 2.00023 which may be taken as
2.00 for most purpose. Find spin magnetic moment of one electron.
• 𝜇𝑠 (𝑖𝑛 𝐵. 𝑀. )= g 𝑠(𝑠 + 1)
• Answer: 𝜇𝑠 (𝑖𝑛 𝐵. 𝑀. )= 2
1
2
(
1
2
+ 1) =
• 3 = 1.73
32. Magnetic moment of Metal ions-Special Case
• MnII , FeIIIand GdIII (the ions whose ground states are S states) :
There is no orbital angular momentum even in the free ion. There
cannot be any orbital contribution to the magnetic moment. The
observed magnetic moments agrees well with spin only values.
33. The transition metal ion with in their ground state D, or F being most
common, do possess orbital angular momentum.
𝜇𝑆+𝐿 = g 4𝑆 𝑆 + 1 + 𝐿(𝐿 + 1)
Magnetic moment of First Series Transition
Metal ions
34. The observed values of 𝜇 frequently exceeds
𝜇S but seldom are as high as 𝜇S+L
• Because, the metal ions on its compounds restricts orbital motion of
the electrons so tha the orbital angular momentum are wholly or
partially quenched.
35. Temperature independent paramagnetism
(TIP)
• In many systems that contain unpaired electrons, as well as in a few, eg,
CrO4
2-, that do not , weak paramagnetism that is independent of
temperature can arise by a coupling of the ground state of the system with
excited state of high energy under the influence of the magnetic field.
• This TIP resembles diamagnetism in that it is not due to any magnetic
dipole existing in the molecule but is induced when the substance is placed
in the magnetic field
• It also resembles diamagnetism in its order of magnitude 0-500 x 10-6 cgs
units per mole
36. High spin Low spin crossovers
• Spin crossover , sometimes referred to as spin transition or spin
equilibrium behavior, is a phenomenon that occurs in some metal
complexes wherein spin state of the complex changes due to external
stimuli such as variation of temperature, pressure, light irradiation or
influence of magnetic field.
38. Spin crossovers
• This phenomenon is commonly observed with some first row
transition metal complexes with a d4-d7 electron configuration in
octahedral ligand geometry.
39. ∆= 𝑃
High spin and
low spin states
have same
energy
High spin and
low spin states
can coexist in
equilibrium
Spin state
equilibrium
Spin crossovers