Chapter 31
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The document discusses key concepts related to electricity and electrical systems, including: - Electricity is the movement of electrons between atoms. Volts, amps, and ohms are the main units of electrical measurement. - Conductors allow electron flow, insulators do not, and semiconductors are in between. Common materials for each are described. - Current is the flow of electrons measured in amps. Voltage is electrical pressure measured in volts. Resistance is measured in ohms. - Sources of electricity include static, heat, light, pressure, and chemistry. Batteries use electrochemistry to generate voltage.
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Electron theory aims to explain the structure and properties of matter through its electronic structure. It states that all matter is comprised of molecules made up of atoms, which contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons play a key role in electricity as their movement constitutes electric current. Within atoms, electrons exist in specific energy levels or shells around the nucleus, and their behavior is described by quantum mechanics.
BE UNIT-1 basic electronics unit one.pptx
1. The document discusses the atomic structure of matter, which is made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Atoms contain protons and neutrons in their nucleus, surrounded by electrons.
2. Atoms of different elements have different atomic structures because they contain different numbers of protons and electrons. Neutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons, but atoms can gain or lose electrons to become ions.
3. The document then discusses subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons in more detail, including their relative masses and charges. It also discusses isotopes and how they have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Basic electricity
Electricity is the flow of electric charge, which is generated from converting primary energy sources like coal into a secondary energy source. Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter and contain protons with a positive charge, neutrons with no charge, and electrons with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus. Electricity occurs when electrons are pushed out of their normal orbits in atoms and move from one atom to another. Electricity powers devices through either series or parallel circuits and is integral to many aspects of modern daily life.
Electricity
Electricity involves the movement of electrons. It can be static electricity from electrons moving between objects, or current electricity from electrons flowing in a conductor. There are two types of electric charge - positive and negative - which attract and repel each other. Electricity flows through circuits that can be either closed, allowing current to flow, or open with a break preventing current. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel.
What is electricity
Electricity is a form of energy carried by the movement of electrons between atoms. Atoms are composed of subatomic particles including electrons, which carry a negative charge, and protons, which carry a positive charge in the nucleus. An electric current is created when an outside force causes electrons to break free from one atom and flow to the next in a conductor.
Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering MT-144-NSU(Theory).pptx
This document provides an introduction to basic electrical and electronics concepts. It discusses how electricity is present in nature and how mankind has harnessed it for use. It then covers atomic structure, defining elements, compounds, and molecules. Models of the atom including Dalton's, Rutherford's, and Bohr's are explained. The document also discusses electrons, protons, neutrons, and their roles. Energy shells and electron quotas are defined. Finally, the document introduces concepts of electric charge, static electricity, and the coulomb unit of charge.
Bonding in Solids
Transistors and integrated circuits are important components in electronics. A transistor is a semiconductor device with three electrical contacts that can be used as an amplifier, detector, or switch. An integrated circuit is a circuit composed of transistors, resistors, and capacitors constructed on a single semiconductor chip, where the components are interconnected to perform a given function. A bipolar junction transistor consists of a three-layer sandwich of doped semiconductor materials (either PNP or NPN) where a small base current controls a larger collector current flowing between the emitter and collector. Integrated circuits allow many transistors to be packed onto a single chip to construct more complex circuits.
Solid state physics
Contents
The Atom
Materials Used in Electronics
Current in Semiconductors
N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors
The PN Junctions
Diode Operation, Voltage-Current (V-I) Characteristics
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Structure, Operation, and Characteristics and Parameters
Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) Structure, Characteristics and Parameters and Biasing
Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) Structure, Characteristics and Parameters and Biasing
The ATOM: Learning Objectives
Describe the structure of an atom
Discuss the Bohr model of an atom
Define electron, proton, neutron, and nucleus
Define atomic number
Discuss electron shells and orbits
Explain energy levels
Define valence electron
Discuss ionization
Define free electron and ion
Discuss the basic concept of the quantum model of the atom
Discuss insulators, conductors, and semiconductors and how they differ
Define the core of an atom
Describe the carbon atom
Name two types each of semiconductors, conductors, and insulators
Explain the band gap
Define valence band and conduction band
Compare a semiconductor atom to a conductor atom
Discuss silicon and germanium atoms
Explain covalent bonds
Define crystal
Describe how current is produced in a semiconductor
Discuss conduction electrons and holes
Explain an electron-hole pair
Discuss recombination
Explain electron and hole current
Describe the properties of n-type and p-type semiconductors
Define doping
Explain how n-type semiconductors are formed
Describe a majority carrier and minority carrier in n-type material
Explain how p-type semiconductors are formed
Describe a majority carrier and minority carrier in p-type material
Describe how a pn junction is formed
Discuss diffusion across a pn junction
Explain the formation of the depletion region
Define barrier potential and discuss its significance
State the values of barrier potential in silicon and germanium
Discuss energy diagrams
Define energy hill
Lecture One
Static electricity occurs when materials are rubbed together, causing an excess of electric charges on their surfaces. This can result in attraction or repulsion between objects and even sparks. The triboelectric series lists materials based on their tendency to gain or lose electrons when in contact with another material. Sparks require the presence of both conductors and insulators and occur when a large enough potential difference builds up to allow a discharge of electrons across a gap.
Unit i edited
1. Electricity is the flow of electrons through a conductor. In AC power, electrons switch direction periodically at a set frequency (50 Hz in India), while in DC power electrons flow in one direction only.
2. Single phase power has one live wire, while three phase power has three live wires with the phases shifted 120 degrees from each other, providing more power with less current.
3. Protective devices like fuses and circuit breakers are used to cut off power in the event of overcurrent to prevent damage. Fuses melt and need replacing, while circuit breakers can be reset after tripping.
Module No. 22
Module #22 discusses conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. It explains that conductors contain free electrons that allow electricity to flow through them easily. Insulators have electrons tightly bound and do not conduct electricity well. Semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators, with fewer free electrons than conductors but more than insulators. Common semiconductors are silicon and germanium, which are used to make diodes and transistors.
Basics of electricity,AC,DC .
This training material gives you the basics of electricity,Induction Motor,AC and DC ,Single Phase and Three phase and their differences etc.,
Ohms law
This document provides an overview of a course on basic electricity and Ohm's Law. The course covers topics such as atomic structure, electric charges, definitions of power, voltage, current and resistance. It examines units of measurement, proper methods for checking voltage and current, and circuit types including series, parallel and combination circuits. The textbook for the course is listed.
Basic Electronics
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus, while electrons orbit around the nucleus in different shells. An atom's atomic number refers to the number of protons, while its atomic mass includes the number of protons and neutrons. Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. Electronics involves the flow of electrons and concepts like voltage, current, resistance, and power. Circuits allow electricity to flow through a closed conductive loop. Materials are classified as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on how easily electrons can flow through them.
Module 1 Semiconductors (1).pptx
1) Semiconductors have energy band gaps between 1-4 eV allowing electrons to move between bands with small energy inputs, unlike insulators. Metals have overlapping or no bands.
2) Intrinsic semiconductors have small numbers of electrons and holes as charge carriers from thermal excitation breaking covalent bonds. Extrinsic semiconductors are doped with donor or acceptor impurities to add more free electrons or holes.
3) Donor impurities introduce extra electrons in the conduction band of n-type semiconductors. Acceptor impurities introduce holes in the valence band of p-type semiconductors.
applied electronics 1
This document discusses basic semiconductor theory, including:
1. Semiconductors have conductivity between conductors and insulators and include materials like silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide.
2. Doping semiconductors with impurities creates n-type or p-type materials by introducing excess electrons or holes.
3. The atomic structure of semiconductors includes valence and conduction energy bands separated by a bandgap through which electrons can jump with sufficient energy.
Nature of Electricity
This document provides an overview of electricity and electrical engineering concepts. It discusses the following key points:
- Electricity is a fundamental property of nature that is observed and exploited, though not fully explained. It is a source of energy.
- Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and their interactions hold atoms together.
- Electric charge is a phenomenon associated with atomic particles. The fundamental unit of charge is the coulomb. Charged particles experience attractive or repulsive forces depending on whether their charges are opposite or alike.
- Electrons in atoms occupy discrete energy levels or bands. Insulators have a large gap between
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Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering MT-144-NSU(Theory).pptx
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The document provides information about various components in hydraulic brake systems, including:
1) A residual check valve keeps slight pressure in the system to prevent air leaks, while proportioning valves limit rear brake pressure to improve balance during hard stops.
2) A pressure-differential switch lights the brake warning light if pressure is lost in one circuit, while a brake fluid sensor does the same for low fluid level.
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Chap71
The document discusses brake fluid types and specifications. It explains that brake fluid is made from polyglycol and comes in different DOT classifications (DOT 3, DOT 4, DOT 5, DOT 5.1) with varying characteristics like moisture absorption and boiling points. DOT 3 is most commonly used but DOT 4 provides better protection against corrosion. DOT 5 is silicone-based and doesn't absorb water. The document emphasizes the importance of changing brake fluid regularly to prevent issues from low boiling points caused by absorbed moisture.
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The document provides instructions for bench bleeding a master cylinder and describes the proper brake bleeding sequence. It discusses various brake bleeding methods including manual bleeding, gravity bleeding, and pressure bleeding. Key terms related to brake bleeding such as bleeder valve, brake bleeding, and surge bleeding are defined. The bleeding sequence of starting with the rear wheel farthest from the master cylinder and working inward is described. Methods for loosening stuck bleeder valves like using an impact wrench or applying heat are also outlined.
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Chap75
The document discusses drum brake diagnosis and repair procedures. It describes removing the brake drum, inspecting components like the backing plate and brake linings, and overhauling the wheel cylinders. The key steps are removing the drum, inspecting parts for wear, lubricating contact surfaces on the backing plate, and replacing worn springs and hardware.
Chap76
The document provides information about disc brake systems, including:
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Chap77
The document provides instructions for visually inspecting and servicing disc brake calipers. It describes how to disassemble a caliper, check components for wear, clean and lubricate parts, and reassemble the caliper. Key steps include removing the caliper, inspecting pads and pistons, cleaning the caliper bore, replacing seals, lubricating with brake fluid, and reinstalling the caliper. Common issues like worn caliper mounts and stuck pistons are also discussed.
Chap78
The document provides information about parking brake systems, including:
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Chap80
The document provides information about vacuum brake boosters, including:
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Chap81
The document discusses antilock braking systems (ABS) and their components and functions. It explains that ABS uses wheel speed sensors and electrohydraulic components to monitor wheel slippage and modulate brake pressure to prevent locking and maintain vehicle control during braking. It describes different ABS configurations including four-channel, three-channel, and single-channel systems and how they control braking for different wheels. The purpose of ABS is to allow braking and steering control under slippery conditions.
Chap82
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Halderman ch106 lecture
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Halderman ch105 lecture
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Halderman ch103 lecture
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Chapter 31
- 1. start
- 12. Figure 31–5 An unbalanced, positively charged atom (ion) will attract electrons from neighboring atoms.
- 43. end